Crimean Tatars in the Governing Bodies of the Taurida Province in the First Half of the 19th Century

The author identifies the amount of Crimean Tatars who served as officials in Taurida Governorate in the first half of the 20th century. The article is based on archival data, address-calendars and mesyatseslovs of the Russian Empire. Russian politics in the region after the Crimean annexation was characterized by an active interaction with the local population. The imperial authorities gave the Crimean Tatars broad rights and involved them in civil and military service. Tatar murzas and beys who entered service closely interacted with Russian officials and thus got acquainted with the Russian language and culture as well as with the new legal system. While the largest number of Crimean Tatars were in service during the reign of Catherine II, their number began to decline under her successors. The author argues that the Russian authorities interaction with the Crimean Tatar nobility was based on mutually beneficial conditions. The state received the loyalty of local leaders, which provided stability and allowed for communication with the ordinary population. In turn, the murzas and beys received titles and ranks, which allowed them to increase their property and keep their social status. However, the number of Crimean Tatars in local government functions during the first half of the 19th century was low. They served in the governing bodies only by election from the nobility. This was a result of central policy but also of the low level of training among Tatar officials. Many of them were not familiar with legal procedures laws and could not read and write in Russian. Consequently, they preferred service in military formations, which was more prestigious and did not require special training.

Ukrainian-Rumeika interlingual homonyms and paronyms

The article deals with intermittent homonyms and paromies in the Ukrainian and Rumeika. In 2019, the United Nations announced the International Year of Languages of Indigenous Peoples, and 2022–2032 – an International Decade of Languages of Indigenous Peoples. Rumeika is one of the languages of Greeks of Pryazovia – the indigenous people of Ukraine. Under the terms of the Kuchuk-Carnadzhi Peace Treaty of 1774 between the Ottoman and Russian Empire, the Crimean Khanate became independent. This and the decree of Catherine II caused a wave of the relocation of the Greeks in the Pryazovia. Rumeika has close ties with Modern Greek, while the other language of the Greeks of Pryazovia – Urum – is close to the Crimean Tatar language. For a long time, Rumeika did not have written writing, while in the twentieth century, the efforts of A. Biletskyi for the alphabet developed on the basis of Cyrillic. Despite the fact that in the 20th century Rumeika was an important ethno-forming factor, now it is in a threatening state primarily due to the influence of the Russian language. Ukrainian and Rumeika languages are in close contact, therefore, the emergence of a large number of inter-digit homonyms and parones. Also, the research of Rumeika is important in view of the fact that it is in front of the disappearance, as well as in geopolitical terms through new social challenges to the population of Ukraine. The purpose of the article is to find out the peculiarities of the Ukrainian-Rumeika homonyms and paromies, which involves the following tasks: the creation of a dictionary; explaining the values of words; determination of features of inter-life homonyms and paromies in the case of Ukrainian and Rumeika languages.

Интерпретации «Хайтармы» А. Спендиаряна в творчестве современных исполнителей республики Татарстан

This article presents two musical arrangements of "Haytarma" from A. Spendiaryan's suite "Crimean Sketches" (part 1), performed by Kazan musicians and composers - R.E. Ilyasov for the "Kazan Nury" folk instrument orchestra and R.Yu. Abyazov for the "La Primavera" string chamber orchestra. A brief historical information about the work of A. Spendiaryan connected with the Crimean Tatar music is given. Also presented is material about the peculiarities of the Crimean Tatar folk dance "haitarma", about its different musical variants. This work will be useful to a wide range of professional musicians, as well as researchers of the Crimean Tatar folk music.

Compound adjectives in the linguistic works of the XX – XXI centuries (on the material Crimean Tatar language)

This article is dedicated to the analysis of theoretical knowledge about compound adjectives in the Crimean Tatar language. The reviewed material allows determining the lacunae that serve as the basis for the study of compound adjectives. It is revealed that compound adjectives have not previously become the special subject of research; some information can be found in scientific works of the early XX century. Modern researchers outline the main methods of formation of compound adjectives, such as word composition and lexicaliziation of the phrase (sometimes combined with affixation); as well as determine compound adjectives with compositional and subordinating relations of the components.. The novelty of this work lies in carrying out a comprehensive analysis of the history of compound adjectives in the Crimean Tatar language. The conclusion is made that compound adjectives overall and their orthography in particular did not receive due attention in all grammars, which led to different interpretation of their spelling variations. Practical significance of this topic lies in the fact that the acquired results and materials can be used in the practice of teaching Crimean Tatar and other Turkic languages in secondary and higher schools.

Unknown works of Crimean Tatar writers of the early XX century

For more than a hundred years many works of the classics of Crimean Tatar literature of the early XX century have remained inaccessible to their contemporaries. One of such authors is Abdulhakim Aji Arif oglu Khilmiy (1884–1962). The article is devoted to the scientific development of the writer of the period 1914-1917. The sources were both: newspaper and archival materials related to this period. Also involved are the published works of Khilmiy`s contemporaries. As an example, is cited a small work by the author of “Revolutionary excitement” (“Inkilyabiy asabiyetler”), published in 1917 and unknown to modern researches. Transliteration of the text from the Arabic script is accompanied by glossaries of rare Arab-Persian borrowings in the Crimean Tatar language.

Formation of the system of orthology of the Crimean Tatar literary language

The modern Crimean Tatar literary language as a processed supra-dialectal version of the common language has a long history of formation and development. The foundation of the orthology, the rules for the use of linguistic units in speech, that is, combinations with the other, changes in spelling and pronunciation, were laid in the 20–30s of the last century. The subsequent tragic events (Great Patriotic War, total deportation of the Crimean Tatars and others) delayed the discussion of these problems at the official level for almost half a century. Separate proposals aimed at optimizing the norms of the literary language were made repeatedly in private. So, in the 70s of the last century U. Kukchi in Tashkent read lectures for writers and journalists on the state of the Crimean Tatar literary language, which in 1986 were published in a book format. With the beginning of the process of repatriation of the Crimean Tatars (the end of the 80s of the XX century), interest in the problem of the Crimean Tatar orthology has again intensified. Some of the textbooks published in the 30–40s last century were republished in a modified and supplemented way. In 2010, on the basis of the “Crimean Engineering and Pedagogical University” a draft of the spelling and pronunciation rules was developed and published using the new Latin alphabet. In the Crimean Tatar linguistics there is still no complete and correct set of different types of norms of the Crimean Tatar literary language. All the existing rules in new socio-political conditions are not legitimate.

Report on the vakuf property of mosques, mesjids and mektebs of the city of Bakhchisarai (From the inventory of the former Mufti Efendi)

To readers attention is offered a small fragment from the message of the Mufti of Crimea Musallaf Efendi, which provides brief data of the state of vakuf property of Muslim religious sites for 1785–1786 , prepared by the Qadies (Judges) of 5 kaymakans of the Crimean Khanate: Bakhchisarai, Kezlev, Kefe, Akmesjit and Or-Kapu. The message of Mufti Efendi is presented in Arabic script in the Crimean Tatar language. Part of the message, translated from the Arabic script into Cyrilic alphabet, includes a list of recorded vakuf property belonging at that time to Bakhchisarai: the political and administrative center of the Crimean Khanate. The given information makes it possible to establish the number and names of administrative units of the city–mahalla, the variety and location of the vakuf property, recorded not only within the city limits, but also outside it. The message also contains data on the funds, allocated to the minister of the city`s Muslim religious buildings.

Publication of Works of the Classic of the Crimean Area Studies is Completed: Collected works of Usein Bodaninsky in 3 volumes (2018–2020)

The reviews is devoted to the three-volume collection of the well-known Crimean Tatar ethnographer and Turkologist, the first director of the Bakhchisarai Palace Museum Usein Bodaninsky, whose works were published by Sh. Mardzhani Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan in Kazan and Simferopol in 2018–2020. The first volume, which appeared in 2019, includes different research works published by Bodaninsky from 1917 to the beginning of the 1930s. The second volume (2018) contains unpublished diaries of the Bakhchisarai Palace Museum written by Bodaninsky in 1924–1926, when he was the director of this scientific and cultural institution. The third volume (2020) is divided into three parts. The first of them includes commented written materials, ethnographic and archeological sketches in facsimiles of the expeditions carried out by Bodaninsky in the Crimea in 1925–1928, as well as his notes of the Crimean earthquakes happened in 1927. The second part includes unpublished documentation, annual reports and plans of the Bakhchisarai Palace Museum dated 1922–1929 and the beginning of 1934. The third section contains letters, statements, notes composed by Bodaninsky from 1920 to 1932. The materials published in three volumes should be evaluated as a valuable contribution to the study of the history and ethnography of the Muslim Crimea, archeology and early Soviet museum work among the Crimean Tatars.

Ethnocultural basis of the formation process of the Crimean Tatar art culture and decorative and applied art (part one)

Based on the research results of Russian, Soviet and foreign archaeologists, anthropologists, geneticists and art historians, an attempt has been made to trace the process of formation of the artistic culture and decorative and applied art of descendants, who by the 10th –11th centuries took part in shaping of the Crimean mountain people, the Tats of the Crimea, the ancestors of the ethnographic groups of the modern Crimean Tatar people – the southern coastal and mountain Crimean Tatars, as well as of the Greco-Tatars – the Urums of the Azov region. And also to try to characterize the culture and decorative arts of the aboriginal and immigrant ethnic groups of the Crimean peninsula, who later took part in the process of ancient cultural genesis of the population of the mountainous and southern coastal Crimea. It also shows the initial stage of the process of cultural genesis of the steppe and foothill Crimean Tatars, which was going on parallel to the process of cultural genesis and formation of the artistic culture of the Tats of the mountainous and southern coastal Crimean Tatars.