scholarly journals Using tests and models to assess antidepressant-like activity in rodents

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Kedzierska ◽  
Izabela Wach
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Learned Helplessness ◽  
Forced Swimming Test ◽  
Chronic Mild Stress ◽  
Tail Suspension Test ◽  
Depression Treatment ◽  
Mild Stress ◽  
Animal Models Of Depression ◽  
Important Challenge ◽  
Swimming Test

Abstract In today's world, depression is one of the more prevalent forms of mental illness. According to WHO, about 10%-30% of all women and 7%-15% of all men are afflicted by depression at least once in their life-times. Today, depression is assessed to be affecting 350 million people. Regarding this issue, an important challenge for current psychopharmacology is to develop new, more effective pharmacotherapy and to understand the mechanism of action of known antidepressants. Furthermore, there is the necessity to improve the effectiveness of anti-depression treatment by way of bringing about an understanding of the neurobiology of this illness. In achieving these objectives, animal models of depression can be useful. Yet, presently, all available animal models of depression rely on two principles: the actions of known antidepressants or the responses to stress. In this paper, we present an overview of the most widely used animal tests and models that are employed in assessing antidepressant-like activity in rodents. These include amphetamine potentiation, reversal of reserpine action, the forced swimming test, the tail suspension test, learned helplessness, chronic mild stress and social defeat stress. Moreover, the advantages and major drawbacks of each model are also discussed.

scholarly journals Effects of Electroacupuncture on Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress Rats Depression-Like Behavior and Expression of p-ERK/ERK and p-P38/P38

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Xu ◽  
Yanling She ◽  
Ning Su ◽  
Ruixin Zhang ◽  
Lixing Lao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forced Swimming Test ◽  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Chronic Mild Stress ◽  
Forced Swimming ◽  
Mild Stress ◽  
Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress ◽  
Immobility Time ◽  
Swimming Test

We investigate the antidepressant-like effect and mechanism of electroacupuncture (EA) on a chronic unpredictable mild stress rats depression-like behavior. In our study, depression in rats was induced by unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) and isolation for four weeks. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: Normal, Model, EA, and Sham EA. EA treatment was administered for two weeks, once a day for five days a week. Two acupoints, Yintang (EX-HN3) and Baihui (GV20), were selected. For sham EA, acupuncture needles were inserted shallowly into the acupoints: EX-HN3 and GV20. No electrostimulator was connected. The antidepressant-like effect of the electroacupuncture treatment was measured by sucrose intake test, open field test, and forced swimming test in rats. The protein levels of phosphorylated extracellular regulated protein kinases (p-ERK1/2)/ERK1/2 and p-P38/P38 in the hippocampus (HP) were examined by Western blot analysis. Our data demonstrate that EA treatment decreased the immobility time of forced swimming test and improved the sucrose solution intake in comparison to unpredictable chronic mild stress and placebo sham control. Electroacupuncture may act on depression by enhancing p-ERK1/2 and p-p38 in the hippocampus.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Isolation Stress and Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress for the Establishment of Mouse Models of Depressive Disorder

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin-Seok Lee ◽  
Ji-Yun Kang ◽  
Chang-Gue Son
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Chronic Mild Stress ◽  
Tail Suspension Test ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Mild Stress ◽  
Isolation Stress ◽  
Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress ◽  
Serum Corticosterone

This study aimed to help to understand the influence of stress on depression, which reflects the social environments of especially solitary life and the increasing prevalence of depressive disorders. To determine the distinguishable features of two-representative animal models of stress-induced depressive disorder, we compared isolation stress (IS) and unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS). After 4-week of stress, both models showed significant depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors in an open field test (OFT; p < 0.01 for IS, p < 0.01 for UCMS), forced swimming test (FST; p < 0.01 for IS, p < 0.01 for UCMS), and tail suspension test (TST; p < 0.01 for IS, p < 0.05 for UCMS) along with alterations in serum corticosterone levels, serotonin activity in the dorsal raphe nuclei (DRN) and microglial activity in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus (p < 0.05 for both parameters). In a comparison of the two stress models, IS strongly induced depressive and anxiety features, as indicated by all parameters: behavior test scores (p < 0.05 for OFT, FST, and TST), serum corticosterone levels (p < 0.05), immunohistological alterations for serotonin activity (p < 0.05) and microglial activity (p = 0.072). Our results indicate the suitability of IS for the development of animal models of depressive disorders and may reveal the medical impact of social isolation environment in modern society.

scholarly journals Electrolytic lesions of the bilateral ventrolateral orbital cortex not only directly reduce depression-like behavior but also decreased desperate behavior induced by chronic unpredicted mild stress in rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zheng Chu ◽  
Wei Han ◽  
Peng Liu ◽  
Fei Liu ◽  
Gang Lei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Learned Helplessness ◽  
Emotional Regulation ◽  
Forced Swimming Test ◽  
Emotional Behavior ◽  
Mild Stress ◽  
Orbital Cortex ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
Electrolytic Lesions ◽  
Swimming Test ◽  
Attack Latency

Abstract Background Previous studies have revealed that ventrolateral orbital cortex (VLO) may play an important role in the regulation of emotional behavior. However, it is not known what effect VLO damage will have on emotion regulation. Results Data showed that damage of VLO increased the anxiety-like behavior in open field test and elevated plus maze, and decreased the depressive behavior in forced swimming test and learned helplessness test. Besides, the impulsive aggressive behaviors were also increased while the attack latency decreased after VLO lesion. What’s more, damage of VLO decreased depressive behaviors induced by chronic unpredicted mild stress in rats. Conclusions These results suggest that the integrity of VLO plays an important role in emotional regulation, and the damage of VLO may inhibit the development of depression-like behavior.

Stress and Depression

2020 ◽  
pp. 365-394
Author(s):  
Richard McCarty
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Learned Helplessness ◽  
Inbred Mice ◽  
Social Defeat ◽  
Global Burden ◽  
Mild Stress ◽  
Animal Models Of Depression ◽  
Chronic Social Defeat Stress ◽  
Dopamine Circuits ◽  
The Brain

Major depressive disorder is a significant contributor to the global burden of disease, and it appears to be a mental disorder that is strongly dependent upon exposure to stressful stimuli. A major concern related to the development of animal models of depression is to capture those variables that explain the much higher incidence of depression in human females compared to males. Several genetically selected animal models have been studied, including the Flinders sensitive strain and the WKY strain. In addition, a strain of rats has been selected that is highly susceptible to the development of learned helplessness. Two especially valuable animal models of depression involve exposure of inbred mice to chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) or to chronic unpredictable mild stress. Results from these animal models point to disruptions in dopamine circuits in the brain as critical for the expression of depressive symptoms.

scholarly journals ANTI-DEPRESSANT EFFECT OF CEFTRIAXONE IN FORCED SWIMMING TEST AND IN TAIL SUSPENSION TEST IN MICE

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajoy Borah ◽  
Binita Singha ◽  
Swopna Phukan
Keyword(s):  
Forced Swimming Test ◽  
Antidepressant Activity ◽  
Tail Suspension Test ◽  
Forced Swimming ◽  
Antidepressant Effect ◽  
Tail Suspension ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Swimming Test ◽  
Suspension Test

Objective: Depression is a major psychiatric disorder affecting nearly 350 million people worldwide and imposes a substantial health burden on the society. Ceftriaxone has demonstrated neuroprotective effects in animals. It has also undergone trials as a treatment option for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. This study was therefore undertaken to evaluate the antidepressant-like effect of ceftriaxone in mice.Methods: Ceftriaxone was administered at three different doses (0.130, 0.195 and 0.260g/kg) to Swiss albino mice of either sex by intra peritoneal (i. p.) route. The period of immobility in control and drug-treated mice were recorded in forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST). The antidepressant effect of ceftriaxone indicated by the decrease in duration of immobility was compared to that of fluoxetine (0.020 g/kg, i. p.).Results: Ceftriaxone decreased the duration of immobility in mice. It showed a significant dose-dependent antidepressant effect. The antidepressant effect of 0.260g/kg of ceftriaxone was comparable to that of fluoxetine in the TST but not in the FST.Conclusion: The results of the present study indicate antidepressant activity of Ceftriaxone. The study shows that ceftriaxone has additional action on the central nervous system other than neuroprotection. Ceftriaxone therapy in cases of encephalomeningitis and in various cases of hemorrhages in the brain can, therefore, prevent the development of depression in future

Behavioral neurotoxicity in adolescent and adult mice exposed to fenproporex during pregnancy

2005 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 403-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Q Moreira ◽  
M JSS Faria ◽  
E G Moreira
Keyword(s):  
Forced Swimming Test ◽  
Tail Suspension Test ◽  
Stereotyped Behavior ◽  
Dopaminergic Transmission ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Gestational Exposure ◽  
Behavioral Toxicity ◽  
Anorectic Drugs ◽  
Swimming Test ◽  
First Time

We investigated the effects of gestational exposure to fenproporex, one of the most used anorectic drugs in Brazil, on the behavior of adolescent and adult pups (30 and 60 days of age, respectively). Pregnant Swiss mice were treated daily, by gavage, with 15 mg/kg of fenproporex chloride or water during the whole gestational period. Male pups were submitted to open-field, forced swimming test, tail suspension test and fenproporexinduced stereotyped behavior. The results demonstrated that gestational exposure to fenproporex induces antidepressant-like effect and decreases fenproporexinduced stereotyped behavior in both adolescent and adult pups. Moreover, fenproporex-exposed adolescent pups tended (P–0.06) to be more active than control pups. Our data show, for the first time, that gestational exposure to fenproporex leads to long-lasting behavioral toxicity in male mice characteristic of altered dopaminergic transmission.

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