Electrolytic lesions of the bilateral ventrolateral orbital cortex not only directly reduce depression-like behavior but also decreased desperate behavior induced by chronic unpredicted mild stress in rats

Abstract Background Previous studies have revealed that ventrolateral orbital cortex (VLO) may play an important role in the regulation of emotional behavior. However, it is not known what effect VLO damage will have on emotion regulation. Results Data showed that damage of VLO increased the anxiety-like behavior in open field test and elevated plus maze, and decreased the depressive behavior in forced swimming test and learned helplessness test. Besides, the impulsive aggressive behaviors were also increased while the attack latency decreased after VLO lesion. What’s more, damage of VLO decreased depressive behaviors induced by chronic unpredicted mild stress in rats. Conclusions These results suggest that the integrity of VLO plays an important role in emotional regulation, and the damage of VLO may inhibit the development of depression-like behavior.

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Using tests and models to assess antidepressant-like activity in rodents

Current Issues in Pharmacy and Medical Sciences ◽

10.1515/cipms-2016-0013 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 29 (2) ◽

pp. 61-65 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ewa Kedzierska ◽

Izabela Wach

Keyword(s):

Animal Models ◽

Learned Helplessness ◽

Forced Swimming Test ◽

Chronic Mild Stress ◽

Tail Suspension Test ◽

Depression Treatment ◽

Mild Stress ◽

Animal Models Of Depression ◽

Important Challenge ◽

Swimming Test

Abstract In today's world, depression is one of the more prevalent forms of mental illness. According to WHO, about 10%-30% of all women and 7%-15% of all men are afflicted by depression at least once in their life-times. Today, depression is assessed to be affecting 350 million people. Regarding this issue, an important challenge for current psychopharmacology is to develop new, more effective pharmacotherapy and to understand the mechanism of action of known antidepressants. Furthermore, there is the necessity to improve the effectiveness of anti-depression treatment by way of bringing about an understanding of the neurobiology of this illness. In achieving these objectives, animal models of depression can be useful. Yet, presently, all available animal models of depression rely on two principles: the actions of known antidepressants or the responses to stress. In this paper, we present an overview of the most widely used animal tests and models that are employed in assessing antidepressant-like activity in rodents. These include amphetamine potentiation, reversal of reserpine action, the forced swimming test, the tail suspension test, learned helplessness, chronic mild stress and social defeat stress. Moreover, the advantages and major drawbacks of each model are also discussed.

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Antidepressant-Like Effect ofIlex paraguariensisin Rats

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2014/958209 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Elizete De Moraes Reis ◽

Francisco Waldomiro Schreiner Neto ◽

Vitória Berg Cattani ◽

Luis Ricardo Peroza ◽

Alcindo Busanello ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lipid Peroxidation ◽

Monoamine Oxidase ◽

Forced Swimming Test ◽

Elevated Plus Maze ◽

Open Field Test ◽

Forced Swimming ◽

Monoamine Oxidase Activity ◽

Plus Maze ◽

Thiol Content ◽

Swimming Test

In this study, we investigated the possible antidepressant-like effect ofI. paraguariensisin rats. Rats were treated for four weeks with an aqueous extract ofI. paraguariensisin drinking water, following the traditional preparation of this beverage. After the period of treatment, behavioral (elevated plus-maze, open field test, and forced swimming test) and biochemical parameters (lipid peroxidation assay, thiol content, vitamin C levels, and monoamine oxidase activity) were evaluated. Animals were also analyzed on forced swimming test after 24 hours ofI. paraguariensisintake. An additional group was injected with selegiline 24 hours and 30 minutes before forced swimming test as positive control. HPLC analysis revealed the profile ofI. paraguariensisextract.I. paraguariensisreduced the immobility time on forced swimming test without significant changes in locomotor activity in the open field test. Any anxiolytic/anxiogenic effect ofI. paraguariensiswas observed in rats through the elevated plus-maze test. The antidepressant-like effect ofI. paraguariensiswas not accompanied by inhibitory effect on monoamine oxidase activity. There were no significant alterations on lipid peroxidation, thiol content, and vitamin C levels among the groups. In conclusion, aqueous extract ofI. paraguariensisdecreases the time of immobility in rats suggesting an antidepressant-like effect.

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Tamoxifen antagonizes the effects of ovarian hormones to induce anxiety and depression-like behavior in rats

Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria ◽

10.1590/0004-282x20140221 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 73 (2) ◽

pp. 132-139 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Hamid Azizi-Malekabadi ◽

Masoume Pourganji ◽

Hoda Zabihi ◽

Mohsen Saeedjalali ◽

Mahmoud Hosseini

Keyword(s):

Sham Group ◽

Forced Swimming Test ◽

Elevated Plus Maze ◽

Ovarian Hormones ◽

Female Rats ◽

Ovariectomized Rats ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Ovarian Hormone ◽

Plus Maze ◽

Swimming Test

The effects of tamoxifen (TAM) on anxiety and depression-like behavior in ovariectomized (OVX) and naïve female rats were investigated. The animals were divided into Sham-TAM, OVX-TAM, Sham and OVX groups. Tamoxifen (1 mg/kg) was administered for 4 weeks. In the forced swimming test, the immobility times in the OVX and Sham-TAM groups were higher than in the Sham group. In the open field, the numbers of central crossings in the OVX and Sham-TAM groups were lower than the number in the Sham group, and the number of peripheral crossings in the OVX group was lower than the number in the Sham group. In the elevated plus maze, the numbers of entries to the open arm among the animals in the Sham-TAM and OVX groups were lower than the number in the Sham group, while the number of entries to the open arm in the OVX-TAM group was higher than the number in the OVX group. It was shown that deletion of ovarian hormones induced anxiety and depression-like behavior. Administration of tamoxifen in naïve rats led to anxiety and depression-like behavior that was comparable with the effects of ovarian hormone deletion. It can be suggested that tamoxifen antagonizes the effects of ovarian hormones. It also seems that tamoxifen has anxiolytic effects on ovariectomized rats.

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PS124. Effects of desipramine, venlafaxine and bupropion on depression and anxiety in the forced swimming test and elevated plus maze test in mice

The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology ◽

10.1093/ijnp/pyw043.124 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 19 (Suppl_1) ◽

pp. 42-42

Keyword(s):

Forced Swimming Test ◽

Elevated Plus Maze ◽

Forced Swimming ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Elevated Plus Maze Test ◽

Maze Test ◽

Plus Maze ◽

Swimming Test

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Hypothalamic linkage in stress-induced hypocalcemia, gastric damage, and emotional behavior in rats

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.1994.267.1.r38 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 267 (1) ◽

pp. R38-R43 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

S. Aou ◽

J. Ma ◽

T. Hori ◽

N. Tashiro

Keyword(s):

Restraint Stress ◽

Opposite Effect ◽

Forced Swimming Test ◽

Emotional Behavior ◽

Gastric Damage ◽

Ventromedial Nucleus ◽

Gastric Lesions ◽

Swim Test ◽

Swimming Test ◽

Bilateral Lesions

The effects of hypothalamic lesions on stress-induced hypocalcemia, gastric damage, and swim test-evoked behavior were examined in rats. Bilateral lesions of the ventromedial nucleus in the hypothalamus (VMH) eliminated water-restraint stress-induced hypocalcemia and attenuated any gastric damage compared with those in the sham-operated rats. In contrast, lesions in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) exacerbated both the stress-induced hypocalcemia and gastric lesions in comparison with those in the control rats. In a forced-swimming test, the VMH-lesioned rats showed a significantly shorter time of immobility as well as a longer duration of struggling than the control rats, respectively, while the PVN-lesioned animals spent a longer time in immobility and a shorter period struggling than the control rats. These results suggest that the VMH has an accelerative action in stress-induced hypocalcemia, gastric lesions, and behavioral despair, while the PVN has an opposite effect.

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Effects of Electroacupuncture on Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress Rats Depression-Like Behavior and Expression of p-ERK/ERK and p-P38/P38

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2015/650729 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Jian Xu ◽

Yanling She ◽

Ning Su ◽

Ruixin Zhang ◽

Lixing Lao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Forced Swimming Test ◽

Sucrose Solution ◽

Chronic Mild Stress ◽

Forced Swimming ◽

Mild Stress ◽

Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress ◽

Sprague Dawley ◽

Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress ◽

Immobility Time ◽

Swimming Test

We investigate the antidepressant-like effect and mechanism of electroacupuncture (EA) on a chronic unpredictable mild stress rats depression-like behavior. In our study, depression in rats was induced by unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) and isolation for four weeks. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: Normal, Model, EA, and Sham EA. EA treatment was administered for two weeks, once a day for five days a week. Two acupoints, Yintang (EX-HN3) and Baihui (GV20), were selected. For sham EA, acupuncture needles were inserted shallowly into the acupoints: EX-HN3 and GV20. No electrostimulator was connected. The antidepressant-like effect of the electroacupuncture treatment was measured by sucrose intake test, open field test, and forced swimming test in rats. The protein levels of phosphorylated extracellular regulated protein kinases (p-ERK1/2)/ERK1/2 and p-P38/P38 in the hippocampus (HP) were examined by Western blot analysis. Our data demonstrate that EA treatment decreased the immobility time of forced swimming test and improved the sucrose solution intake in comparison to unpredictable chronic mild stress and placebo sham control. Electroacupuncture may act on depression by enhancing p-ERK1/2 and p-p38 in the hippocampus.

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Evaluation of light/dark cycle in anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors after regular treatment with methylphenidate hydrochloride in rats of different ages

Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1590/s1516-44462010005000018 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

pp. 55-58 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Karin M. Gomes ◽

Renan P. Souza ◽

Cecília G. Inácio ◽

Samira S. Valvassori ◽

Gislaine Z. Réus ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Significant Interaction ◽

Forced Swimming Test ◽

Forced Swimming ◽

Dark Cycle ◽

Adult Rats ◽

Regular Treatment ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Plus Maze ◽

Male Wistar Rats ◽

Swimming Test

OBJECTIVE: Methylphenidate hydrochloride is the most widely used medication for treatment and management of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. However, the chronic effects of methylphenidate hydrochloride on anxiety- and depressive-like rat behaviors remain poorly investigated. In this context, the present study evaluated the effects of treatment with methylphenidate hydrochloride on anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors using young and adult rats during the light and the dark cycle. METHOD: Male Wistar rats (25 or 60 days old) received a once-daily (in either the light or dark cycle) methylphenidate hydrochloride (2mg/kg) or saline intraperitoneal injection for 28 days. We performed elevated plus maze and forced swimming test two hours after the last injection. RESULTS: The light/dark cycle was a significant factor in the anxiety-like behaviors; however, no significant interaction between all three factors (cycle, age and methylphenidate hydrochloride) was found. Nevertheless, we observed a nominally significant interaction between the light/ dark cycle and age in the forced swimming test. CONCLUSION: Our results have shown that age and the light/dark cycle are more significant modulators of anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors than methylphenidate hydrochloride treatment.

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Electroacupuncture Promotes Proliferation of Amplifying Neural Progenitors and Preserves Quiescent Neural Progenitors from Apoptosis to Alleviate Depressive-Like and Anxiety-Like Behaviours

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2014/872568 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Liu Yang ◽

Na Yue ◽

Xiaocang Zhu ◽

Qiuqin Han ◽

Bin Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Forced Swimming Test ◽

Elevated Plus Maze ◽

Neural Progenitors ◽

Chronic Unpredictable Stress ◽

Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus ◽

Elevated Plus Maze Test ◽

Maze Test ◽

Plus Maze ◽

Swimming Test ◽

Behavioural Tests

The present study was designed to investigate the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) on depressive-like and anxiety-like behaviours and neural progenitors in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) in a chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) rat model of depression. After being exposed to a CUS procedure for 2 weeks, rats were subjected to EA treatment, which was performed on acupoints Du-20 (Bai-Hui) and GB-34 (Yang-Ling-Quan), once every other day for 15 consecutive days (including 8 treatments), with each treatment lasting for 30 min. The behavioural tests (i.e., forced swimming test, elevated plus-maze test, and open-field entries test) revealed that EA alleviated the depressive-like and anxiety-like behaviours of the stressed rats. Immunohistochemical results showed that proliferative cells (BrdU-positive) in the EA group were significantly larger in number compared with the Model group. Further, the results showed that EA significantly promoted the proliferation of amplifying neural progenitors (ANPs) and simultaneously inhibited the apoptosis of quiescent neural progenitors (QNPs). In a word, the mechanism underlying the antidepressant-like effects of EA is associated with enhancement of ANPs proliferation and preserving QNPs from apoptosis.

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