Sero Survey of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus Infection in Cattle Crossing Some Major Border States in Northwestern Nigeria

Abstract Foot and mouth disease (FMD) poses a major constraint to international trade in animals and animal products in sub-Saharan Africa. A retrospective and serological survey was conducted in two major Border States of Sokoto and Kebbi in north-western Nigeria. This study was aimed at determining the sero-prevalence of FMD virus (FMDV) antibodies in cattle at international animal control posts and to examine cattle population movement across the border area for a period of one year (January to December 2014) from the available records. Eight hundred and eighty (880) sera samples were collected and screened for the presence of antibodies to FMDV using the competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. The data were subjected to chi-square and relative risk to check for independence and association. An overall seropositive rate was found to be 55.2 % (486/880). A 79.9 % (359/450) sero-positive rate was obtained from the Kamba border, while 29.5 % (127/430) was found at the Illela border. Kamba showed a statistically significant (P < 0.05) higher sero-prevalence when compared with cattle that are crossing the Illela border (Relative Risk 2.70; 95 % Confidence Interval 2.317—3.149). Retrospective data from the control posts revealed that an average number of 2019 and 2747 of cattle, respectively, crossed the Kamba and Illela international borders monthly. The highest influx of animals from the Niger Republic through the Illela international border was encountered between the month of March and April 2014. The magnitude of the presence of FMDV Non-structural protein (NSP) antibodies in the study areas is an indication of the infection and the presence of the virus in the study areas and the neighbouring countries.

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Use of a Standardized Bovine Serum Panel To Evaluate a Multiplexed Nonstructural Protein Antibody Assay for Serological Surveillance of Foot-and-Mouth Disease

Clinical and Vaccine Immunology ◽

10.1128/cvi.00227-07 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 14 (11) ◽

pp. 1472-1482 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Julie Perkins ◽

Satya Parida ◽

Alfonso Clavijo

Keyword(s):

Nonstructural Protein ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Reference Laboratory ◽

Additional Information ◽

Mouth Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

Antibody Assays ◽

Serological Surveillance

ABSTRACT Liquid array technology has previously been used to show proof of principle of a multiplexed nonstructural protein serological assay to differentiate foot-and-mouth disease virus-infected and vaccinated animals. The current multiplexed assay consists of synthetically produced peptide signatures 3A, 3B, and 3D and the recombinant protein signature 3ABC in combination with four controls. To determine the diagnostic specificity of each signature in the multiplex, the assay was evaluated against a naive population (n = 104) and a vaccinated population (n = 94). Subsequently, the multiplexed assay was assessed by using a panel of bovine sera generated by the World Reference Laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease in Pirbright, United Kingdom. This serum panel has been used to assess the performance of other singleplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based nonstructural protein antibody assays. The 3ABC signature in the multiplexed assay showed performance comparable to that of a commercially available nonstructural protein 3ABC ELISA (Cedi test), and additional information pertaining to the relative diagnostic sensitivity of each signature in the multiplex was acquired in one experiment. The encouraging results of the evaluation of the multiplexed assay against a panel of diagnostically relevant samples promote further assay development and optimization to generate an assay for routine use in foot-and-mouth disease serological surveillance.

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Foot-and-mouth disease virus non-structural protein 3A modulates cellular innate immune responses to influence host tropism

Access Microbiology ◽

10.1099/acmi.ac2020.po0377 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (7A) ◽

Author(s):

Soumendu Chakravarti ◽

Caroline Wright ◽

Emma Howes ◽

Richard Kock ◽

Terry Jackson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Structural Protein ◽

Host Tropism ◽

C Terminus ◽

Mouth Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

Species Specific

The picornavirus foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is responsible for one of the most significant diseases of livestock, leading to large economic losses due to reduced productivity and trade embargoes for areas not certified as disease-free. The picornavirus non-structural protein 3A is involved in replication of the viral RNA genome and is implicated in host tropism of several picornaviruses. Deletions in the C-terminus of 3A have been observed in FMDV outbreaks specific for swine and such viruses are non-pathogenic in cattle. The mechanism for species specific attenuation of FMDV is unknown. We have shown that FMDV containing a C-terminal deletion in 3A is attenuated in bovine cell culture and that the attenuated phenotype can be reversed by the JAK1/2 inhibitor Ruxolitinib (Rux), identifying a role for the induction of interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) in the restricted bovine tropism of the 3A-deleted virus.

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Diagnostic application of recombinant non-structural protein 3A to detect antibodies induced by foot-and-mouth disease virus infection

Biologicals ◽

10.1016/j.biologicals.2016.02.004 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 44 (3) ◽

pp. 157-162 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Jitendra K. Biswal ◽

Rajeev Ranjan ◽

Bramhadev Pattnaik

Keyword(s):

Virus Infection ◽

Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Structural Protein ◽

Diagnostic Application ◽

Mouth Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth

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Study of the genetic heterogeneity of SAT-2 foot-and-mouth disease virus in sub-Saharan Africa with specific focus on East Africa

Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research ◽

10.4102/ojvr.v74i4.115 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 74 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

M. Sahle ◽

R.M. Dwarka ◽

E.H. Venter ◽

W. Vosloo

Keyword(s):

East Africa ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Gene Encoding ◽

Western Africa ◽

Mouth Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

Sub Saharan ◽

Unrelated Strain

The epidemiology of serotype SAT-2 foot-and-mouth disease was investigated in sub-Saharan Africa by phylogenetic analysis using the 1D gene encoding the major antigenic determinant. Fourteen genotypes were identified of which three are novel and belong to East Africa, bringing the total number of genotypes for that region to eight. The genotypes clustered into three lineages that demonstrated surprising links between East, southern and south-western Africa. One lineage was unique to West Africa. These results established numerous incursions across country borders in East Africa and long term conservation of sequences for periods up to 41 years. Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda have all experienced outbreaks from more than one unrelated strain, demonstrating the potential for new introductions. The amount of variation observed within this serotype nearly equalled that which was found between serotypes; this has severe implications for disease control using vaccination.

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Relevance of the N-terminal and major hydrophobic domains of non-structural protein 3A in the replicative process of a DNA-launched foot-and-mouth disease virus replicon

Archives of Virology ◽

10.1007/s00705-018-3795-9 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 163 (7) ◽

pp. 1769-1778 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Cecilia M. Lotufo ◽

Maximiliano Wilda ◽

Adrian N. Giraldez ◽

Pablo R. Grigera ◽

Nora M. Mattion

Keyword(s):

Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Structural Protein ◽

Mouth Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth

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Early origin and global colonisation of foot-and-mouth disease virus

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-72246-6 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Pakorn Aiewsakun ◽

Nakarin Pamornchainavakul ◽

Chaidate Inchaisri

Keyword(s):

Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Epidemiological Data ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Recent Common Ancestor ◽

Structural Protein ◽

Most Recent Common Ancestor ◽

Mouth Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

Early Origin

Abstract In this study, we compiled 84-year worth (1934–2017) of genomic and epidemiological data of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), and performed comprehensive analyses to determine its early origin and transmission route. We found that recombination is a key feature of FMDV, and that the genomic regions coding for structural and non-structural proteins have markedly different evolutionary histories, and evolve at different rates. Despite all of these differences, analyses of both structural and non-structural protein coding regions consistently suggested that the most recent common ancestor of FMDV could be dated back to the Middle Age, ~ 200 to 300 years earlier than previously thought. The ancestors of the Euro-Asiatic and SAT strains could be dated back to the mid-seventeenth century, and to the mid-fifteenth to mid-sixteenth century, respectively. Our results implicated Mediterranean counties as an early geographical origin of FMDV before spreading to Europe and subsequently to Asia and South America.

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Predicting antigenic sites on the foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid of the South African Territories types using virus neutralization data

Journal of General Virology ◽

10.1099/vir.0.032839-0 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 92 (10) ◽

pp. 2297-2309 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

F. F. Maree ◽

B. Blignaut ◽

J. J. Esterhuysen ◽

T. A. P. de Beer ◽

J. Theron ◽

...

Keyword(s):

South African ◽

Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Antigenic Sites ◽

Mouth Disease Virus ◽

Virus Serotype ◽

Antigenic Properties ◽

Foot And Mouth

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) outer capsid proteins 1B, 1C and 1D contribute to the virus serotype distribution and antigenic variants that exist within each of the seven serotypes. This study presents phylogenetic, genetic and antigenic analyses of South African Territories (SAT) serotypes prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa. Here, we show that the high levels of genetic diversity in the P1-coding region within the SAT serotypes are reflected in the antigenic properties of these viruses and therefore have implications for the selection of vaccine strains that would provide the best vaccine match against emerging viruses. Interestingly, although SAT1 and SAT2 viruses displayed similar genetic variation within each serotype (32 % variable amino acids), antigenic disparity, as measured by r1-values, was less pronounced for SAT1 viruses compared with SAT2 viruses within our dataset, emphasizing the high antigenic variation within the SAT2 serotype. Furthermore, we combined amino acid variation and the r1-values with crystallographic structural data and were able to predict areas on the surface of the FMD virion as antigenically relevant. These sites were mostly consistent with antigenic sites previously determined for types A, O and C using mAbs and escape mutant studies. Our methodology offers a quick alternative to determine antigenic relevant sites for FMDV field strains.

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