Assessing specific gravity of young Eucalyptus plantation trees using a resistance drilling technique

Holzforschung ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Tarcísio da Silva Oliveira ◽  
Xiping Wang ◽  
Graziela Baptista Vidaurre
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Clear Trend ◽  
Eucalyptus Plantation ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Average Resistance ◽  
Drilling Technique ◽  
Resistance Drilling ◽  
Old Trees ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The resistance drilling technique has been in focus for assessing the specific gravity (SG) of young Eucalyptus trees from plantations for pulpwood production. Namely, the data of 50 34-month-old and 50 62-month-old trees from Eucalyptus grandis×Eucalyptus urophylla clonal plantations was evaluated, while the relative resistance profiles were collected with the amplitude in a scale from 0 to 100% of each tree at the breast height. For laboratory determination of SG and moisture content (MC), 3-cm-thick disks were taken at breast height. The average resistance amplitude of a full drill penetration or a half-diameter penetration showed weak correlations with SG for both 34-month-old and 62-month-old trees. However, when the two age classes were combined, the strength of the relationship was improved significantly, with a correlation coefficient ranging from 0.71 to 0.77 with respect to SG determined from strip samples and from 0.59 to 0.72 with respect to SG determined from wedge samples. The drill penetration depth had a significant effect on the relationship between average amplitude and SG. A clear trend of weakening correlation was observed with increasing drill penetration. As a result, the average resistance amplitude of a half-diameter drilling (from bark-to-pith) is more advantageous for assessing the SG of young Eucalyptus trees than a whole-diameter drilling.

scholarly journals INFLUÊNCIA DA IDADE E DA POSIÇÃO RADIAL NA MASSA ESPECÍFICA DA MADEIRA DE Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex. MAIDEN

FLORESTA ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
José De Castro Silva ◽  
José Tarcísio Da Silva Oliveira ◽  
Mário Tomazello Filho ◽  
Sidon Keinert Júnior ◽  
Jorge Luis Monteiro De Matos
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Radial Position ◽  
Wood Specific Gravity ◽  
Old Trees

Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a variação da massa específica da madeira de Eucalyptus grandis, de quatro idades em diferentes posições radiais. Para os ensaios de massa específica básica e aparente, as amostras foram retiradas de seções radiais de três discos, retirados da base e do final da primeira e da segunda toras, com comprimentos comerciais de três metros, tomando-se quatro posições eqüidistantes (0, 33, 66 e 100%), no sentido medula-casca. Para o ensaio de densitometria de raios-X, as amostras foram retiradas dos mesmos discos, utilizando-se-se toda a seção radial. Em todos os ensaios, verificou-se que a madeira de dez anos apresentou os menores valores de massa específica, seguida da madeira de quatorze anos. Os maiores valores de massa específica foram encontrados na madeira de vinte anos, seguida da madeira de vinte e cinco anos. Em todas as idades, verificou-se um crescimento dos valores de massa específica no sentido radial medula-casca. Os resultados obtidos com a análise densitométrica foram semelhantes aos dados apresentados na análise de massa específica aparente. INFLUENCE OF AGE AND RADIAL POSITION ON THE DENSITY OF THE WOOD OF Eucalyptus grandis HILL EX. MAIDEN Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the variation of wood specific gravity of Eucalyptus grandis of four ages and radial positions. Specific gravity samples were taken radial disks in the bark-to-pith direction at 0, 33, 66 and 100% of the radii. For the densitometry study samples were collected radially from disks at three positions of the stem. It was observed in all cases that 10-year-old trees had the lowest values of specific gravity, fourteen-year-old trees came second. Heaviest wood was found in 20-year-old trees, while the older (25-year) trees were a little lighter. It was found in all ages, that specific gravity increased from the pith to the bark.

scholarly journals MASSA ESPECÍFICA E RETRATIBILIDADE DA MADEIRA DE SEIS ESPÉCIES DE EUCALIPTO CULTIVADAS NO LITORAL DE SANTA CATARINA

FLORESTA ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 329
Author(s):  
Jackson Roberto Eleotério ◽  
Douglas Reichert ◽  
Kerling Fabiane Hornburg ◽  
Isalena Meneguelli
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Volumetric Shrinkage ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Eucalyptus Urophylla ◽  
Santa Catarina ◽  
Eucalyptus Pilularis ◽  
Eucalyptus Cloeziana ◽  
Old Trees ◽  
Shrinkage Coefficient

O objetivo deste trabalho é determinar e comparar a massa específica básica e aparente a 12% de umidade e os coeficientes de contração radial, tangencial e volumétrico de cinco espécies e um híbrido de eucalipto. As amostras de Corymbia torelliana, Eucalyptus cloeziana, Eucalyptus pilularis e Eucalyptus resinifera foram retiradas de árvores com 17 anos; as de Eucalyptus grandis, de árvores com 14 anos; e as de Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla, de árvores com oito anos, todas plantadas no litoral norte de Santa Catarina. A madeira do híbrido Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla e a de Eucalyptus grandis e de Eucalyptus pilularis classificam-se como leve, e a das demais espécies é classificada como madeira moderadamente pesada. Independentemente da contração analisada, os grupos formados na comparação de médias foram os mesmos. Os coeficientes de contração radial de Eucalyptus cloeziana e Eucalyptus resinifera são altos; já os coeficientes de contração tangencial e volumétrico de Eucalyptus grandis e volumétrico de Eucalyptus pilularis são baixos; e os demais podem ser classificados como médios. A variação na massa específica não é acompanhada de proporcional variação nos coeficientes de contração, resultando em baixas e moderadas correlações entre essas variáveis, apesar de significativas.Palavras-chave: Propriedades físicas; contração; Eucalyptus; Corymbia. AbstractSpecific gravity and shrinkage coefficients of wood of six species of eucalypts cultivated on the coast of Santa Catarina. This work aims at determining and comparing the basic and 12% moisture content specific gravity and radial, tangential and volumetric shrinkage coefficients of five species and a hybrid of eucalypts. The samples of Corymbia torelliana, Eucalyptus cloeziana, Eucalyptus pilularis, Eucalyptus resinifera were extracted from 17 years old trees; ones of Eucalyptus grandis from 14 years old trees and the ones of Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla from eight years old trees, all of them planted on the North Coast of Santa Catarina State. The wood of the hybrid Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla, of the Eucalyptus grandis and of the Eucalyptus pilularis can be classified as light, the others can be classified as moderately heavy. Independently on the shrinkage analyzed, the groups formed during the multiple mean comparing are the same. The radial shrinkage coefficient of Eucalyptus cloeziana and that of Eucalyptus resinifera are high. However, the tangential and volumetric shrinkage coefficients of Eucalyptus grandis and the volumetric shrinkage coefficient of Eucalyptus pilularis are low; the others can be classified as medium. The variation on specific gravity is not followed by proportional variation on the shrinkage coefficients, resulting in low and moderate correlations between coefficients even tough significant.Keywords: Physical properties; shrinkage coefficients; Eucalyptus; Corymbia.

scholarly journals NON-DESTRUCTIVE ANALYSIS OF THE ROOT SYSTEM AND TREE GROWTH PARAMETERS

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Anselmo Malinovski ◽  
Leif Nutto ◽  
Willian Schwegler Wiese ◽  
Martin Brunsmeier
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Tree Crown ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Root Area ◽  
Destructive Analysis ◽  
Old Trees ◽  
Non Destructive

ABSTRACT The productivity of Eucalyptus at plantations is increasing and has undergone a variety of research studies. Most research is dealing with simple dendrometric variables like the DBH (diameter at breast height) and tree height, or more complex variables including crown parameters or variables concerning photosynthesis. The root systems, however, have not been well analyzed yet. The objective of the study was to analyze the root system with a non-destructive method and to evaluate possible correlations with dendrometric variables of the tree (DBH, height, crown expansion). A small experimental plantation with 39 even-aged, 6-year-old trees of Eucalyptus grandis x urophylla has been investigated within this study. The results of the study show the highest correlation of the root areas with the crown expansion. In general, the root area shows a significantly bigger expansion in the eucalypt plantation than the tree crown, with a more homogeneous development.

scholarly journals Intraspecific Latitudinal Variation in Nest Orientation Among Ground-Nesting Passerines: A Study Using Published Data

The Condor ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 441-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niall H.K. Burton
Keyword(s):  
Early Morning ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Nest Entrance ◽  
Clear Trend ◽  
European Species ◽  
Statistical Comparison ◽  
Species Comparisons ◽  
Nest Microclimate ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Ground Nesting

Abstract The relationship between nest entrance orientation and latitude among ground-nesting passerines was reviewed using published information. Data were collated for seven North American and European species. Pooling within-species comparisons, there was a clear trend from a preference for north-facing nests at lower latitudes to eastward- or southward-facing nests farther north. Orientations differed significantly in eight of 12 cases for which statistical comparison was possible, means differing in the expected direction in six of these cases. These results highlight how the influence of solar radiation on nest microclimate typically delineates preferred nest orientation in these species, i.e., at lower latitudes, the need for shade results in a preference for northward orientations; at mid latitudes, eastward orientations predominate, reflecting a probable balance between the benefits of warmth in the early morning and shade in the afternoon; while at high latitudes, nests may be oriented southward to gain warmth throughout the day.

Ethanol in ponderosa pine as an indicator of physiological injury from fire and its relationship to secondary beetles

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 870-884 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rick G Kelsey ◽  
Gladwin Joseph
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Upward Movement ◽  
Stem Base ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Crown Scorch ◽  
Second Year ◽  
The Relationship

Sixteen days after a September wildfire, ethanol and water were measured in phloem and sapwood at breast height and the base of Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex P. & C. Laws. with zero (control), moderate, heavy, and severe crown scorch. The quantity of ethanol increased with each level of injury, resulting in trees with severe scorch containing 15 and 53 times more phloem and sapwood ethanol, respectively, than controls. Ethanol concentrations in the sapwood and adjacent phloem were related, probably as a result of diffusion. Upward movement in xylem sap was most likely responsible for the relationship between sapwood ethanol concentrations at breast height and the stem base. As trees recovered from their heat injuries, the ethanol concentrations declined. In contrast, ethanol accumulated in dead trees that lost their entire crowns in the fire. Various bark and xylophagous beetles landed in greater numbers on fire-damaged trees than on controls the following spring and summer, suggesting that ethanol was being released to the atmosphere and influencing beetle behavior. Beetle landing was more strongly related to sapwood ethanol concentrations the previous September than in May. Sapwood ethanol measured 16 days after the fire was the best predictor of second-year mortality for trees with heavy and severe crown scorch.

The relationship of the specific gravity of six varieties of potatoes to their mealiness as assessed by sensory methods

1952 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 192-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary L. Greenwood ◽  
Margaret Harvey McKendrick ◽  
Arthur Hawkins
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Within-Tree Variation in Wood Fibre Biometry And Basic Density of the Urograndis Eucalypt Hybrid (Eucalyptus Grandis × E. Urophylla)

IAWA Journal ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Quilhó ◽  
Isabel Miranda ◽  
Helena Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Axial Variation ◽  
Average Fibre ◽  
Length Width ◽  
Hybrid Eucalyptus ◽  
Old Trees

Within-tree variations in fibre length, width, wall thickness and wood basic density of Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla (urograndis) were studied in five 6.8-yr-old seedling trees and five 5.6-yr-old trees from one clone from Brazil. Samples were taken at 5%, 25%, 35%, 55%, 65% and 90% of stem height and five radial positions (10%, 30%, 50%, 70% and 90% of radius). The tree average fibre length, width and wall thickness were in seed and clone trees: 0.955 mm and 1.064 mm, 18 μm and 20 μm, 3.6 μm and 4.4 μm respectively. The axial variation of fibre dimensions was very low, while there was a consistent but small increasing trend from pith to periphery. The basic density ranged from 397–464 kg/m3 to 486–495 kg/m3 respectively in seedling and clone trees with a low variation along the stem. In comparison with other eucalypt pulpwood, e.g. E. globulus, the urograndis hybrid showed similar fibre dimensions and lower basic density. Overall the within-tree variation of these wood properties was low and age had a small impact on the variation of density and fibre dimensions.

scholarly journals DETERMINAÇÃO DAS PROPRIEDADES ENERGÉTICAS DA MADEIRA E DO CARVÃO VEGETAL PRODUZIDO A PARTIR DE Eucalyptus benthamii

FLORESTA ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Letícia Nones ◽  
Martha Andreia Brand ◽  
Alexsandro Bayestorff Da Cunha ◽  
Adriel Furtado De Carvalho ◽  
Solange Maria Krug Weise
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Biomass Energy ◽  
Energetic Properties ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
End Use ◽  
Immediate Analysis ◽  
Old Trees ◽  
Volumetric Yield

Este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar energeticamente a madeira e o carvão vegetal obtidos a partir da espécie Eucalyptus benthamii Maiden & Cambage para duas diferentes idades, 5 e 13 anos. Para a madeira de cada idade, foram confeccionados 48 corpos de prova, com aproximadamente 2 x 2 x 2 cm, que foram utilizados para determinação da massa específica, poder calorífico superior, análise química imediata e carbonização. Após a carbonização, as propriedades energéticas do carvão vegetal foram avaliadas a partir da massa específica aparente, rendimento gravimétrico e volumétrico, poder calorífico superior e análise química imediata. Tanto para a madeira quanto para o carvão vegetal houve influência da idade. A madeira com 13 anos apresentou maior massa específica básica e maior poder calorífico. Porém as diferenças nas propriedades físicas e energéticas da madeira das duas idades não justificam a manutenção da floresta até os 13 anos de idade, quando seu uso final é a geração de energia na forma de carvão. Em relação ao carvão, aquele produzido com madeira de 13 anos apresentou maior rendimento, enquanto o carvão vegetal de 5 anos apresentou melhor qualidade final para uso energético.Palavras-chave: Energia de biomassa; propriedades energéticas; eucalipto. AbstractDetermination of energetic properties of wood and charcoal produced from Eucalyptus benthamii. This research aimed to characterize the energetic properties of wood and charcoal obtained from Eucalyptus benthamii for two different ages, 5 and 13 years. For each timber age, we prepared 48 specimens, approximately 2 x 2 x 2 cm, used to determine specific gravity, calorific value, immediate analysis and carbonization. After carbonization, we evaluated the energetic properties of the charcoal in relation to density, gravimetric and volumetric yield, calorific value and immediate chemical analysis. As the wood as charcoal were influenced by age. The 13 years old timber revealed higher specific gravity and higher calorific value. However, the differences in the physical and energetic properties of the wood of the two ages do not justify maintaining the forest until the age of 13, as its end use is generation of energy as coal. The charcoal produced from 13 years old trees had the highest yield, while the charcoal from 5 years old trees had better quality to energy usage.Keywords: Biomass energy; energy properties; Eucalyptus.

Specific Gravity of Blood and Plasma at 4 and 37 °C

1974 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 615-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond J Trudnowski ◽  
Rodolfo C Rico
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Relative Density ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Human Whole Blood ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Density Of Water

Abstract The specific gravity (relative density) of human whole blood and plasma from 25 healthy volunteers was determined gravimetrically. For whole blood it was found to be 1.0621 (95% confidence interval: 1.0652-1.0590) at 4 °C and 1.0506 (95% confidence interval: 1.0537-1.0475) at 37 °C. Plasma specific gravity was 1.0310 (95% confidence interval: 1.0324-1.0296) at 4 °C and 1.0205 (95% confidence interval: 1.0216-1.0193) at 37 °C. All of these values are referred to the density of water at 4 °C. We show the relationship between these values and those given in the literature for measurements at 25 °C. There was a small increase in whole blood specific gravity with increasing hematocrit, but it was not statistically significant over the 40-56 hematocrit range studied.

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