Ethanol in ponderosa pine as an indicator of physiological injury from fire and its relationship to secondary beetles

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 870-884 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rick G Kelsey ◽  
Gladwin Joseph
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Upward Movement ◽  
Stem Base ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Crown Scorch ◽  
Second Year ◽  
The Relationship

Sixteen days after a September wildfire, ethanol and water were measured in phloem and sapwood at breast height and the base of Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex P. & C. Laws. with zero (control), moderate, heavy, and severe crown scorch. The quantity of ethanol increased with each level of injury, resulting in trees with severe scorch containing 15 and 53 times more phloem and sapwood ethanol, respectively, than controls. Ethanol concentrations in the sapwood and adjacent phloem were related, probably as a result of diffusion. Upward movement in xylem sap was most likely responsible for the relationship between sapwood ethanol concentrations at breast height and the stem base. As trees recovered from their heat injuries, the ethanol concentrations declined. In contrast, ethanol accumulated in dead trees that lost their entire crowns in the fire. Various bark and xylophagous beetles landed in greater numbers on fire-damaged trees than on controls the following spring and summer, suggesting that ethanol was being released to the atmosphere and influencing beetle behavior. Beetle landing was more strongly related to sapwood ethanol concentrations the previous September than in May. Sapwood ethanol measured 16 days after the fire was the best predictor of second-year mortality for trees with heavy and severe crown scorch.

An experimental demonstration of stem damage as a predictor of fire-caused mortality for ponderosa pine

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 1343-1347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip van Mantgem ◽  
Mark Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Prescribed Burning ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Critical Determinant ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Crown Scorch ◽  
Increased Sensitivity ◽  
Stem Damage ◽  
Removal Group

We subjected 159 small ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex P. & C. Laws.) to treatments designed to test the relative importance of stem damage as a predictor of postfire mortality. The treatments consisted of a group with the basal bark artificially thinned, a second group with fuels removed from the base of the stem, and an untreated control. Following prescribed burning, crown scorch severity was equivalent among the groups. Postfire mortality was significantly less frequent in the fuels removal group than in the bark removal and control groups. No model of mortality for the fuels removal group was possible, because dead trees constituted <4% of subject trees. Mortality in the bark removal group was best predicted by crown scorch and stem scorch severity, whereas death in the control group was predicted by crown scorch severity and bark thickness. The relative lack of mortality in the fuels removal group and the increased sensitivity to stem damage in the bark removal group suggest that stem damage is a critical determinant of postfire mortality for small ponderosa pine.

Basal Injury From Smoldering Fires in Mature Pinus ponderosa Laws

1991 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 107 ◽  
Author(s):  
KC Ryan ◽  
WH Frandsen
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
National Park ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Lateral Spreading ◽  
Tree Diameter ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
European Settlement

Fuel accumulations were measured in duff mounds around the bases of 19 mature Pinus ponderosa Laws. (ponderosa pine) in a 200-year-old stand in Glacier National Park, Montana. Tree diameter at breast height ranged from 50 to 114 cm (mean = 80 cm). The stand burned at intervals between 13 to 58 years prior to European settlement. This stand had not burned for 69 years. The duff depth 30 cm from the tree bole ranged from 3 to 39 cm (mean = 18 cm). Duff depth increased with tree diameter and decreased with distance from the bole. Duff depth 90 cm from the bole averaged one-half the depth 30 cm from the bole. Duff consumption and its effect on cambium mortality were quantified following a late summer, low intensity fire. Duff moisture contents on a dry weight basis were: fermentation (20%) and humus (36%). Smoldering combustion consumed98% of the duff beneath the trees. Two patterns of duff burning were documented: downward spreading and lateral spreading. Temperatures near the root crown were above 300�C for 2 to 4 hours, resulting in mortality of 45% of the cambium samples (n = 76) tested at the root crown. The probability of cambium mortality increased with duff depth and tree diameter. However, cambium mortality was lower than expected from analysis of thermal diffusion through bark. Cooling by mass transport through phloem and xylem is suggested as apossible explanation for the low cambium mortality.

A CONE WEEVIL, CONOTRACHELUS NEOMEXICANUS, ON PONDEROSA PINE IN COLORADO: LIFE HISTORY, HABITS, AND ECOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)

1976 ◽  
Vol 108 (7) ◽  
pp. 693-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judy Bodenham ◽  
Robert E. Stevens ◽  
T. O. Thatcher
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Life History ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
North Central ◽  
Ecological Relationships ◽  
Early Fall ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Pine Cones

AbstractConotrachelus neomexicanus Fall occurs throughout the range of Pinus ponderosa Laws. in the central and southwestern United States. It is commonly found infesting ponderosa pine cones in north-central Colorado. C. neomexicanus is univoltine. Eggs are laid in second-year cones from May through July. Larvae mine extensively in the cones and drop to the ground for pupation in the soil. Adults emerge from the soil in late summer and early fall, return to the trees to feed on twigs, and presumably hibernate in sheltered locations during the winter A tachinid fly, Myiophasia sp. nr. ruficornis Tns., is an internal parasitoid of weevil larvae.

THE PINE SEEDWORM, LASPEYRESIA PIPERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE), IN CONES OF PONDEROSA PINE

1967 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 264-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. Hedlin
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Cone Axis ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Pine Cones

AbstractThe pine seedworm, Laspeyresia piperana (Kft.), is a common pest in cones of Pinus ponderosa Laws. in British Columbia and may destroy up to 50% of the seed.Moths emerge in May, mate, and lay eggs on second-year pine cones. Immediately after hatching, the larvae migrate to the centre of the cone and feed on seeds throughout the summer. In autumn, larvae tunnel into the cone axis to overwinter. Pupation occurs in spring.

Abundance and distribution of cavity trees in an old-growth subtropical montane evergreen broad-leaved forest

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (11) ◽  
pp. 2234-2245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zheng Zheng ◽  
Shubin Zhang ◽  
Guoping Yang ◽  
Yong Tang ◽  
Jerry Baskin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Average Density ◽  
Skewed Distribution ◽  
Living Tree ◽  
Structure Characteristics ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Broad Leaved Forest ◽  
Abundance And Distribution ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Leaved Forest

We examined the relationship between the density of cavity trees and forest structure characteristics and explored the occurrence of cavity trees among different tree species and diameter breast height (DBH) size in a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest in the Ailao Mountains in southwestern China. Cavity trees accounted for 7.9% of living trees and 16.3% of dead trees. Average density of living cavity trees (86.3 trees·ha–1) was 6.9 times that of dead cavity trees. Density of living cavity trees was positively correlated with the density of living trees. Cavity trees showed a skewed distribution among DBH classes that peaked at DBHs of 20–40 cm. Moreover, the probability that a living tree was cavity-bearing was logistically related to DBH. Overall, the likelihood of trees being cavity-bearing differed significantly among species. The proportions of cavity trees among the 23 species having more than 63 trees were positively related to the average DBH and to the largest DBH recorded for each species. We suggest that (1) living tree density is important in determining density of cavity trees and (2) differences in proportion of living cavity trees among species is caused mostly by differences in average DBH of each species.

Validating the Malheur model for predicting ponderosa pine post-fire mortality using 24 fires in the Pacific Northwest, USA

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter G. Thies ◽  
Douglas J. Westlind
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Prescribed Fire ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Correct Prediction ◽  
Diameter At Breast Height ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Large Trees ◽  
Similar Accuracy

Fires, whether intentionally or accidentally set, commonly occur in western interior forests of the US. Following fire, managers need the ability to predict mortality of individual trees based on easily observed characteristics. Previously, a two-factor model using crown scorch and bole scorch proportions was developed with data from 3415 trees for predicting the probability of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) mortality following prescribed fire. Here, we report validation of that model for broader application using data from 10 109 ponderosa pines in 17 prescribed fires and 7 wildfires, observed for 3 years post-fire, from east of the Cascade Range crest in Washington, Oregon and northern California. The overall rate of correct classification was 87.1% and the rate of correctly predicting mortality was 80.1%. Similar accuracy is reported when testing the model for small trees (<53.3-cm diameter at breast height), wildfire, prescribed fire, and when using a field guide that simplifies application of the model. For large trees (≥53.3-cm diameter at breast height), the overall rate of correct prediction was 93.6% and the rate of correctly predicting mortality was 65.2%. These results suggest the Malheur model is useful for predicting ponderosa pine mortality following fires in this region.

Total and Merchantable Volume Equations and Taper Functions for Southwestern Ponderosa Pine

1988 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 123-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. McTague ◽  
W. F. Stansfield
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Height Functions ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Yellow Pine ◽  
Total Tree ◽  
Volume Equations

Abstract Total outside and inside bark cubic foot volume equations are presented for southwestern ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) that are functions of total tree height, diameter breast height, and Girard form class. These equations are appropriate for trees of any size or age, and no distinction is made between "blackjack" and "yellow pine" trees. Equations are included to predict merchantable volume to any upper stem diameter or merchantable height. Taper and merchantable height functions are indirectly derived from the merchantable volume equations. West. J. Appl For. 3(4):123-125, October 1988.

Predicting Pinus ponderosa Mortality From Dormant Season and Growing-Season Fire Injury

1993 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
MG Harrington
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Prescribed Burning ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Single Class ◽  
Crown Scorch ◽  
Large Trees ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Dormant Season

Understory prescribed burning was conducted in an immature Pinus ponderosa (ponderosa pine) stand in southwestern Colorado during three seasons, late spring, midsummer, and autumn. Tree mortality from various levels of crown scorch was compared for the different seasons of injury. A total of 526 trees of different sizes, with crown scorch ranging from 20 to 100%, were monitored annually for 10 years. Over 80% of the 10-year mortality from injury in all three seasons had occurred by year 3, with over 90% occurring by year 4. Mortality of trees scorched in the spring and summer was about 2.5 times greater than that in the autumn for similar crown damage. Most trees larger than 18 cm in diameter survived autumn injury, even with greater than 90% scorching. Following spring and summer injury, trees smaller than 10 cm in diameter died readily with greater than 50% scorching, but about 90% crown scorch was required by large trees to be lethal. A logistic regression model was developed to predict the probability of mortality given tree size, scorch class, and season of injury. Because mortality was similar within scorch classes less than 90%, they were combined into a single class. Scorch thresholds with large increases in mortality occurred at 90% and 100% crown scorch. The season variable includes two groups, dormant (autumn) and growing (spring and summer). Use of this model to predict mortality of immature P. ponderosa is appropriate where stand, fuel, and fire conditions resemble those of this study.

scholarly journals Estimation of Crown Cover in Interior Ponderosa Pine Stands: Effects of Thinning and Prescribed Fire

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 240-246
Author(s):  
Nicholas Vaughn ◽  
Martin W. Ritchie
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Prescribed Fire ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Detectable Effect ◽  
Crown Cover ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Stand Basal Area

Abstract We evaluated the relationship between crown cover measured with a vertical sight tube and stand basal area per acre in treated (thinned, burned, and thinned and burned) and untreated interior ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa P. & C. Lawson) stands in northeastern California. Crown cover was significantly related to basal area at the plot level and stand level. In addition, the relationship was not affected by two extremely different thinning regimes. However, the predicted crown cover was generally lower, for a given level of basal area, in a recently thinned stand than in a stand that had not been recently thinned. Prescribed fire had no detectable effect on the relationship. The maximum measured value of stand level crown cover in untreated stands in this study was about 60 percent. West. J. Appl. For. 20(4): 240–246.

Grading Ponderosa Pine Seedlings for Outplanting According to their Root Volume1

1991 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Rose ◽  
John Gleason ◽  
Mary Atkinson ◽  
Tom Sabin
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Root Volume ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract In probably one of the first studies of its kind, three different seed sources of 2 + 0 ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) seedlings were graded on the basis of three root-volume categories (< 4.5, 4.5-7, and > 7 cm³) and out-planted to determine differences in survival and growth over 1 and 2 growing seasons, examine the relationship of seedling field height to nursery root volume, total fresh weight, diameter, and height over the same period, and observe differences in nutrient uptake by seedlings among the three categories over 174 days in the field. Seedling survival was good over the two growing seasons. Seedlings graded to the largest root-volume category were significantly taller and grew significantly more than those in the two smaller categories over the 2 years. Nitrogen and potassium contents decreased over the growing season, those seedlings with larger root volumes showing the greatest decrease. The results suggest that root volume has potential as a useful criterion for grading seedlings. West. J. Appl. For. 6(1):11-15.

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