Analysis of Hybrid Buffer Based Optical Data Center Switch

AbstractDue to the explosive growth in internet traffic, servers are facing bottleneck in speed and bandwidth requirements. To meet these ever increasing demands fiber optic technology can be used. This paper discusses, a hybrid buffer based optical packet switch design with its pros and cons. This hybrid buffer offers both electronic and optical buffering. This paper investigates the packet loss rate (PLR) performance of hybrid buffer under variety of conditions. The usage of buffer under different loading conditions has discussed. The sharing of electronic and optical buffers with respect to arrival of traffic is simulated, and delay ratio of electronic to optical buffering is computed. Average energy consumption at various loading condition is evaluated. The performance of switch is also investigated in a hypothetical five nodes network, and PLR is obtained under four different combinations of buffering and deflection of contending packets.

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Optical data center switches design and analysis

Journal of Optical Communications ◽

10.1515/joc-2021-0056 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Anjaney Nigam ◽

Bharat Mishra ◽

Prabhat Patel

Keyword(s):

Optical Communication ◽

Packet Loss ◽

Data Center ◽

High Speed ◽

Data Centers ◽

Optical Switch ◽

Loss Probability ◽

Optical Data ◽

High Speed Data ◽

Switch Design

Abstract Data centers are facing huge bottlenecks due to the emergence of high-speed data applications. To meet speed requirements, it is proposed to shift the current technologies toward optical communication-enabled data center (DC) devices. This paper discusses the recently proposed optical switch designs and proposes a novel switch design for optical DCs. The architectures proposed in the literature are compared in terms of notable parameters. Finally, proposed switch performance is measured in the network using Monte Carlo simulation and results are obtained in terms of packet loss probability, under a random traffic model while considering both nonperiodized and prioritized packets.

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Optical Switching in Next-Generation Data Centers

Contemporary Developments in High-Frequency Photonic Devices - Advances in Computer and Electrical Engineering ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-8531-2.ch008 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 164-193 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Vaibhav Shukla ◽

Rajiv Srivastava ◽

Dilip Kumar Choubey

Keyword(s):

Data Center ◽

Optical Switching ◽

Large Scale ◽

Data Centers ◽

Current Data ◽

Limited Bandwidth ◽

Switch Architectures ◽

Pros And Cons ◽

High Power Consumption ◽

Packet Switch

The leading content provider companies like Google, Yahoo, and Amazon installed mega-data centers that contain hundreds of thousands of servers in very large scale. The current data center systems are organized in the form of the hierarchal tree structure based on bandwidth-limited electronic switches. Modern data center systems face a number of issues like high power consumption, limited bandwidth availability, server connectivity, energy and cost efficiency, traffic complexity, etc. One of the most feasible solution of these issues is the use of optical switching technologies in the core of data center systems. In this chapter a brief description about the modern data center system is presented, and some prominent optical packet switch architectures are also presented in this chapter with their pros and cons.

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Hybrid buffer‐based optical packet switch with negative acknowledgment for multilevel data centers

Journal of Optical Communications ◽

10.1515/joc-2020-0060 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Sumit Chandra ◽

Shahnaz Fatima ◽

Raghuraj Singh Suryavanshi

Keyword(s):

Data Centers ◽

Web Applications ◽

Optical Switch ◽

Contention Resolution ◽

Multilevel Data ◽

All Optical ◽

Optical Buffering ◽

Different Types ◽

Packet Switch ◽

Novel Design

AbstractIn the present scenario, data centers serve many functionalities like storage, transfer of data, supporting web applications, etc. In data centers, various levels of hierarchy different types of switches are required; therefore, multifunctional data centers are desired. This paper discusses a novel design for optical switch which can be placed at various levels of hierarchy. In the proposed design, multifunctionality contention resolution schemes which consider electronic and optical buffering and all-optical negative acknowledgment (AO-NACK) are considered. In buffering technologies, contending packets are stored in either in electronic RAM or in fiber delay lines. In case of the AO-NACK scheme, contending packets are blocked, and a negative acknowledgment is sent back to the transmitting node and blocked packets are retransmitted. For various considered schemes, Monte Carlo simulation have been performed, results in terms of packet loss probability are presented, and it has been found that the performance of optical buffering is much superior to electronic buffering and AO-NACK schemes. It is found that, in the AO-NACK scheme, the numbers of retransmitted packets due to contention blocking are 33,304 which can be reduced to 7, by using a small amount of buffer at each node.

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Modifying Building Energy-Saving Design Based on Field Research into Climate Features and Local Residents’ Habits

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14020442 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 442

Author(s):

Xiaoyue Zhu ◽

Bo Gao ◽

Xudong Yang ◽

Zhong Yu ◽

Ji Ni

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Energy Saving ◽

Residential Buildings ◽

Average Energy ◽

Field Tests ◽

Building Energy ◽

Building Energy Efficiency ◽

Local Conditions ◽

Building Energy Saving ◽

Average Energy Consumption

In China, a surging urbanization highlights the significance of building energy conservation. However, most building energy-saving schemes are designed solely in compliance with prescriptive codes and lack consideration of the local situations, resulting in an unsatisfactory effect and a waste of funds. Moreover, the actual effect of the design has yet to be thoroughly verified through field tests. In this study, a method of modifying conventional building energy-saving design based on research into the local climate and residents’ living habits was proposed, and residential buildings in Panzhihua, China were selected for trial. Further, the modification scheme was implemented in an actual project with its effect verified by field tests. Research grasps the precise climate features of Panzhihua, which was previously not provided, and concludes that Panzhihua is a hot summer and warm winter zone. Accordingly, the original internal insulation was canceled, and the shading performance of the windows was strengthened instead. Test results suggest that the consequent change of SET* does not exceed 0.5 °C, whereas variations in the energy consumption depend on the room orientation. For rooms receiving less solar radiation, the average energy consumption increased by approximately 20%, whereas for rooms with a severe western exposure, the average energy consumption decreased by approximately 11%. On the other hand, the cost savings of removing the insulation layer are estimated at 177 million RMB (1 USD ≈ 6.5 RMB) per year. In conclusion, the research-based modification method proposed in this study can be an effective tool for improving building energy efficiency adapted to local conditions.

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