How to make norms with drawings: An investigation of normativity beyond the realm of words

Semiotica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (233) ◽  
pp. 55-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Lorini ◽  
Stefano Moroni
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Codes Of Conduct ◽  
Traffic Signs ◽  
Road Signs ◽  
Legal Problems ◽  
Land Use Maps

AbstractA widespread opinion holds that norms and codes of conduct as such can only be established via words, that is, in some lexical form. This perspective can be criticized: some norms produced by human acts are not word-based at all. For example, many norms are actually conveyed through graphics (e. g. road signs and land-use maps), sounds (e. g. the referee’s whistle), a silent gesture (the traffic warden’s signal to halt). In this article, we will focus on the norms that are created by means of drawings and can be termed “drawn norms” or “graphical norms.” Specifically, we will inquire into the phenomenon of graphical norms with particular regard to traffic signs and land-use plans, and we will discuss the philosophical and legal problems to which these phenomena give rise.

FSAUA: A framework for sensitivity analysis and uncertainty assessment in historical and forecasted land use maps

2016 ◽  
Vol 84 ◽  
pp. 70-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amin Tayyebi ◽  
Amir Hossein Tayyebi ◽  
Jamal Jokar Arsanjani ◽  
Hossein Shafizadeh Moghadam ◽  
Hichem Omrani
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Uncertainty Assessment ◽  
Land Use Maps

scholarly journals Road Signs Perception Evaluation by Means of a Semi-immersive Tool

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 39-47
Author(s):  
Roberto Vigano ◽  
Edoardo Rovida ◽  
Riccardo Vincenti ◽  
Marco Ramondino
Keyword(s):  
European Commission ◽  
Virtual Environment ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Road Accident ◽  
Visualization Tool ◽  
Traffic Signs ◽  
Road Signs ◽  
Safety Systems ◽  
Direct Use ◽  
And Training

To reduce the number of road accident victims the European Commission has encouraged the European member states to implement a series of actions in this field. These actions include the development of intelligent and integrated safety systems as well as educational and training initiatives. Educational initiatives include the training of the drivers to improve their ability and sense of responsibility. In addition to the direct use of the vehicle, the training includes the recognition of the traffic signs. Since the recognition may be influenced by both the position of the signal and the weather conditions, the authors have studied the possibility of evaluate the drivers' perception of road signs by means of a virtual environment tool able to perform different operative conditions. A series of tests was conducted to evaluate the visualization tool created and its ability to replace other recognition tests. This paper reports first tests results.

scholarly journals Segmentation of land use maps for precision agriculture

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilian F. Costa ◽  
Michel J. M. Bieleveld ◽  
Raphael G. Chinchilla ◽  
Antonio M. Saraiva
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Precision Agriculture ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Optimal Strategies ◽  
Agricultural Resources ◽  
Land Use Maps

We present a multilayer image segmenter adapted to be used for Precision Agriculture (PA). PA depends strongly on the application of information technologies to divide and group geographic areas based on land use, soil data, metrological data and agricultural resources for planning and implementation of activities to increase output by using optimal strategies for each segment. We implemented a modified Baatz algorithm in the statistical language R and speed sensitive code was implemented in C++. The code will be made publicly available under the GNU Lesser Public License. We show the merit of our approach at the hand of a landscape and discuss the obtained segments generated by our tool.

scholarly journals Social Sensing for Urban Land Use Identification

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 550
Author(s):  
Adindha Anugraha ◽  
Hone-Jay Chu ◽  
Muhammad Ali
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Accuracy Assessment ◽  
Urban Land ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Urban Land Use ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Land Use Classification ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Social Sensing ◽  
Land Use Maps

The utilization of urban land use maps can reveal the patterns of human behavior through the extraction of the socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of urban land use. Remote sensing that holds detailed and abundant information on spectral, textual, contextual, and spatial configurations is crucial to obtaining land use maps that reveal changes in the urban environment. However, social sensing is essential to revealing the socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of urban land use. This data mining approach is related to data cleaning/outlier removal and machine learning, and is used to achieve land use classification from remote and social sensing data. In bicycle and taxi density maps, the daytime destination and nighttime origin density reflects work-related land uses, including commercial and industrial areas. By contrast, the nighttime destination and daytime origin density pattern captures the pattern of residential areas. The accuracy assessment of land use classified maps shows that the integration of remote and social sensing, using the decision tree and random forest methods, yields accuracies of 83% and 86%, respectively. Thus, this approach facilitates an accurate urban land use classification. Urban land use identification can aid policy makers in linking human activities to the socioeconomic consequences of different urban land uses.

scholarly journals METHODS EMPLOYED IN RESEARCH ON THE SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF AGRICULTURE

2013 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 33-38
Author(s):  
Anna Kołodziejczak
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Econometric Models ◽  
Spatial Econometric ◽  
Spatial Econometric Models ◽  
Agricultural Geography ◽  
Land Use Maps

Abstract The research conducted in the field of agricultural geography concerns both, the conditions and factors controlling the spatial structure of rural areas. It includes several lines of study, like an assessment of the natural environment for agricultural purposes, designing land-use maps, examining agricultural suburban zones, model approaches to agriculture, the spatial structure of agriculture, methods of the typology and regionalisation of agriculture, or multi- functionality of agriculture. They make use of a great variety of methods. This article presents methods employed in research on the spatial structure of agriculture. It defines the notion of a spatial structure, the consequences that follow from it, and methodological assumptions. The methods discussed embrace statistical methods of studying the spatial structure of agriculture, those used to determine elements predominating in this structure and to describe its heterogeneity, as well as mathematical and spatial-econometric models.

THE APPLICATION OF PHOTO-INTERPRETATION TO URBAN PLANNING

1964 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-42
Author(s):  
Roger F. Tomlinson ◽  
W. George E. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Real Estate ◽  
Traffic Flow ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Urban Land Use ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Photo Interpretation ◽  
Effective Analysis ◽  
Land Use Maps

While making no pretense at being a complete exposition of its theme, this paper shows that the use of photo interpretation in the preparation of urban land-use maps eliminates much laborious and time-consuming field work and assists in the organization of the field work that remains. In the preparation of special-purpose maps such as real-estate-assessment, employment, traffic-shed, traffic-flow, and parking-area maps, it adds to the effective analysis of data presented and sometimes adds new data for consideration. As an example of practical application, the paper shows how a combination of such special-purpose maps may be used in the location of a new supermarket. For planning in rural areas immediately adjacent to a city a somewhat different series of special-purpose maps is necessary, but photo interpretation can play the same important role in providing data for the maps and assisting in the analyses.

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