scholarly journals Matacong Island: A Short History of a Small Island on the West Coast of Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6.) ◽  
pp. 8-43
Author(s):  
Takehiko Ochiai
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Small Island ◽  
Water Color ◽  
Republic Of Guinea ◽  
Sierra Leonean ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The University ◽  
The 19Th Century

This article aims to examine how Matacong Island, a small island just off the coast of the Republic of Guinea, West Africa, was claimed its possession by local chiefs, how it was leased to and was used by European and Sierra Leonean merchants, and how it was colonized by Britain and France in the 19th century. In 1825 the paramount chief of Moriah chiefdom agreed to lease the island to two Sierra Leonean merchants, and in 1826 it was ceded to Britain by a treaty with chiefs of the Sumbuyah and Moriah chiefdoms. Since the island was considered as a territory exempted from duty, British and Sierra Leonean merchants used it as an important trading station throughout the 19th century. Major exports of Matacong Island included palm kernels, palm oil, hides, ivory, pepper and groundnuts, originally brought by local traders from the neighboring rivers, and major imports were tobacco, beads, guns, gunpowder, rum, cotton manufactures, iron bars and hardware of various kinds. In 1853 alone, some 80 vessels, under British, American, and French flags, anchored at Matacong Island. By the convention of 1882, Britain recognized the island as belonging to France. Although the convention was never ratified, it was treated by both countries as accepted terms of agreement. The article considers various dynamics of usage, property, and territorial possession as relates to the island during the 19th century, and reveals how complex they were, widely making use of the documents of The Matacong Island (West Africa) Papers at the University of Birmingham Library in Britain. The collection purchased by the library in 1969 is composed of 265 historical documents relating to Matacong Island, such as letters, agreements, newspaper-cuttings, maps and water-color picture

Samuel Ajayi Crowther, 1806–1891

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oluwatoyin Oduntan
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Sierra Leone ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
The Other ◽  
Modern State ◽  
European Colonization ◽  
History Of ◽  
Christian Missionary ◽  
The 19Th Century

The case for narrating the history of slavery and emancipation through the biography of enslaved Africans is strongly supported by the life and experiences of Samuel Ajayi Crowther. Kidnapped into slavery in 1821, recaptured and settled in Sierra Leone in 1822, he became a missionary in 1845, founder of the Niger mission in 1857, and Bishop of the Niger Mission in 1864. His life and career covered the span of the 19th century during which revolutionary forces like jihadist revolutions, the abolition of the slave trade, the rise of a new Westernized elite, and European colonization created the roots of the modern state system in West Africa. He was intricately tied to the Christian Missionary Society (CMS), Britain’s antislavery evangelical movement, resulting in Ajayi becoming the poster face of slavery, its acclaimed product of abolitionism, the preeminent advocate of evangelical emancipation, and the organizer of practical emancipation in West Africa. The leader of a very small group of Africans who worked diligently against the slave trade and domestic slavery, Ajayi also became a victim of the use of that agenda by imperialists. Thus, the contrasts of his life (i.e., slavery/freedom, nationalist/hybrid, preacher/investor, leader/weakling, linguist/literalist, etc.) were celebrated by himself, his patrons, and his evangelical followers on one hand, and denounced by his critics on the other. They underline the disagreements over his legacy, and indeed over the understanding of the institution of slavery, abolition, and emancipation in West Africa.

Maps, Power, and the Pacification of La Araucanía-Chile, 1850–1900

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Azócar Fernández ◽  
Zenobio Saldivia Maldonado
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Power Relations ◽  
Scientific Discourse ◽  
Critical Cartography ◽  
History Of Cartography ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The 19Th Century

In the history of cartography and in critical cartography, there is a link between the role of maps and power relations, especially during the conquest and domination of territories by national states. Such cartographic products have frequently been used—for both their scientific and persuasive content—in different places, such as in Chile in the Araucanía region during the so-called pacification process, led by the Chilean state during the second half of the 19th century. From a cartographic perspective, the “epistemological and unintentional silences on the maps” can be observed for maps produced during this process. It implied that the “scientific discourse” and the “social and political discourse” of the cartographic images generated during this process of conquest and domination were relevant for the expansionist objectives of the Republic of Chile.

scholarly journals An Auspicious Alliance: Pugin, Bloxam, and the Magdalen Commissions

1990 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-160
Author(s):  
Leon B. Litvack
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Anglican Church ◽  
Gothic Revival ◽  
History Of ◽  
The University ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Roman Catholics ◽  
The Church

This article forms the sequel to "The Balliol that Might Have Been: Pugin's Crushing Oxford Defeat" (JSAH, XLV, 1986, 358-373). That study showed that Augustus W. N. Pugin (1812-1852) was prevented from carrying out his plans for renovating Balliol College, Oxford, because of his somewhat singular views and oppressive nature, combined with the prevailing sentiments against Roman Catholics in the University. The present study surveys the history of the two small commissions that Pugin was granted: the Magdalen College gateway and the Church of St. Lawrence, Tubney (the only Anglican church Pugin ever built). In both cases Pugin was appointed as architect through the benevolence of Dr. John Rouse Bloxam, in appeasement for the failures at Balliol. Pugin executed the designs in secrecy and with extraordinary speed, thereby hoping to avoid criticism or scandal, in an effort to erect a small monument to himself in Oxford, his "city of spires," which he hoped could serve as the model for the 19th-century Gothic revival in England.

scholarly journals From The History Of Military Education In Turkestan

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (09) ◽  
pp. 596-599
Author(s):  
Rozimova Yorqinoy Yuldashevna ◽  
Abduraximova Dilfuzaxon Alievna
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Military Education ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The 19Th Century

This article provides information on the establishment of military education in Turkestan in the second half of the 19th century, in particular, the establishment of the Tashkent Cadet School on the basis of the Academy of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the development of military education.

Historical grounds of one of the most important holidays of the Republic of Poland: May, 3rd, the Constitution Day

2018 ◽  
pp. 32-39
Author(s):  
Svetlana Falkovich
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Political Movements ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article describes the history of the offcial holiday in contemporary Poland - May 3rd, the Constitution Day, in the context of political movements of Polish emigration of the 19th century. The author characterizes the differences that were put into evaluations of this event by the representatives of the democratic and the conservative camps of Polish emigration. The connection of these evaluations with the most important questions of Polish social life is shown within discussions about ways and means of recreation of Polish state.

scholarly journals A zágrábi Tudományegyetem hungarológiai tanszékének története

Gerundium ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 66-81
Author(s):  
István Lőkös
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
World Literature ◽  
National Council ◽  
Half Century ◽  
Representative Volume ◽  
Language And Literature ◽  
History Of ◽  
Hungarian Language ◽  
The University ◽  
The 19Th Century

The author gives an overview on the history of a quarter of a century of the youngest foreign workshop of Hungarian studies, namely, Department of Hungarian Language and Literature of the Faculty of Humanities of the University of Zagreb. The education on Hungarian studies started in Zagreb in 1944 and was precedented. At the University of Zagreb the Hungarian Language Department was functioning as early as the second half of the 19th century. Form 1904 to 1918, for almost one and a half century at the same place Hungarian language and literature was educated with the direction of professor Dr. Kázmér Greska. After the collapse of the Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy the representatives of the Croatian National Council radically put out professor Greska from the university and closed down the department. It was impossible to reorganize it in Yugoslavia between the two world wars. A new possibility came only after the independence of Croatia in 1994. The work in the department restarted on the basis of an interstate contract under the leadership of professor Dr. Milka Jauk-Pinhak and with the partnership of visiting teachers from Hungary. Today, under the management of Orsolya Žagar-Szentesi, 25-30 students start their studies at the department in each year. The function of the special college of translation of poetic works is outstanding. The department in 2002 celebrated the 900 years jubilee of the coronation of Kálmán Könyves as Croatian king with the representative volume of essays entitled Croato-Hungarica. The department was introduced in the „Hungarian issue” of the journal Književna smotra, the Zagreb journal of world literature in 2014 on the 20th jubilee of the department. Their latest publication is With heart and Soul/ Dušom i srcem Hungarian-Croatian Somatic Phraseology/ Mađarsko-hrvatski rječnik somatskih frazema (2018).

scholarly journals Nowe stronice (nie)znanej historii

2019 ◽  
pp. 357-364
Author(s):  
Mariola Walczak-Mikołajczakowa
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Scientific Discipline ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
History Of ◽  
The University ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article discusses the book by Diana Ivanova История на новобългарския книжовен език – a new textbook on the history of literary Bulgarian language. Starting from a discussion of terminology related to concepts the Old Bulgarian and New Bulgarian language, first presents the history of the scientific discipline as the history of the New Bulgarian literary language (NBKE), and then the textbooks used so far in the university didactics. It is necessary to indicate a new content of the discussed monograph, in which a significant novum is the different perception of the beginnings of NBKE and chapters on the activities of the literary society from Brasov and biblical translations into a language understandable to the reader in the 19th century.

The History of Mali: Connectivity and State Formation since the 18th Century

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madina Thiam ◽  
Gregory Mann
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Fragile States ◽  
Military Government ◽  
Population Spread ◽  
Socialist Government ◽  
History Of ◽  
Nomadic Communities ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The 19Th Century

The Republic of Mali comprises a very diverse population spread over a vast territory composed of a large part of the southern Sahara, the Sahel, and the savannah. One of the world’s great rivers, the Niger, runs through much of the national territory, reaching its northern apex near Timbuktu. For over a millennium, this territory has allowed empires and kingdoms to flourish alongside decentralized societies. These include the empires of Ghana, Mali and Songhay, as well as any number of smaller states, trading diasporas, and nomadic and semi-nomadic communities. The territory of Mali has long been a hub in African commercial and intellectual circuits, notably those linking the societies of the Maghreb (or North Africa) to those bordering the Atlantic. In the 19th century, as elsewhere in Muslim Africa, new and explicitly Islamic states emerged in western and central Mali. They did not endure more than a few decades, as the territory was colonized by France in the late 19th century. The Republic of Mali claimed its independence in 1960 and rapidly developed greater autonomy from French neo-colonialism than did most of its neighbors. Mali has maintained an out-sized diplomatic and cultural role on the African continent and beyond under a socialist government from 1960 to 1968, military government through 1991, and a vibrant democracy in the decades since. However, since 2011, the country has been increasingly beset by violent conflicts between nonstate actors, the national government, and foreign forces including the French. Thus, in historical perspective, Mali’s geographic position and its environment have proven conducive to the production of expansive, diverse, and mutually dependent communities that have produced radically distinct and often fragile states.

scholarly journals IL LUNGO CAMMINO DEI MERCANTI DI SAPIENZA. LE ORIGINI DELL’UNIVERSITÀ DI PAVIA NELLA STORIOGRAFIA DAL XIV AL XX SECOLO

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dario Mantovani
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Historical Consciousness ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of The University ◽  
Widespread Belief ◽  
The University ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Recent Idea

This paper offers a contribution to the history of historiography on the University of Pavia. The Author takes into account both the treaties explicitly dealing (since the 18th Century) with the history of the University, but also all the evidence of a historical consciousness about the origins and history of the University; such a historical consciousness started to appear in 1361, when the Visconti Family officially founded the University. Particular attention is paid to the three interpretations about the foundation (origo), which has been attributed to the Lombard Kings, to Charlemagne and to Lothair I. For a long time there was a widespread belief in Europe that the University of Pavia had been founded by Charlemagne, simultaneously with the University of Paris; the creator of this tradition (based on the history of Charlemagne written by Notker the Stammerer) was Barthélemy de Chasseneuz, in 1525. The attribution of the founding to Lothair in 825 is only a recent idea, which has been nourished, with different intentions, by the 19th Century German legal historians who discovered a school of Lombard Law in Pavia (attested since at least the 10th Century) and by the Celebrations held in Pavia in 1925.

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