scholarly journals Anabolic-androgenic steroid use among bodybuilders in Erbil city

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 657-665
Author(s):  
Ramadhan Ahmed ◽  
Karwan Sulaiman ◽  
Muhammed Hasan ◽  
Ali Dauod
Keyword(s):  
Anabolic Steroids ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Anabolic Androgenic Steroids ◽  
Anabolic Androgenic Steroid ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Duration Of Action ◽  
Steroid Use ◽  
Steroid Abuse ◽  
Androgenic Steroid ◽  
Androgenic Steroids

Background and objective: Anabolic-androgenic steroids are synthetic testosterone derivatives with a longer duration of action than physiological androgens. They are abused by bodybuilders because of their potential to enhance muscle strength. Serious medical and psychological complications may be associated with their non-medical use. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of anabolic androgenic steroids among bodybuilders and their awareness of health-related risks. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out from the 1st of January 2019 to the end of July 2019 in 18 randomly selected gym centers in Erbil city, Iraq using stratified random sampling. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to 400 bodybuilders to assess the prevalence and knowledge of using Anabolic-androgenic steroids. Results: The study showed a high prevalence of Anabolic-androgenic steroid consumption (26.3%) among gym users in Erbil city. Anabolic-androgenic steroid use was significantly higher among participants with a longer duration of bodybuilding practice ≥4 years (P = 0.001). Anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse was significantly associated with drinking alcohol, smoking cigarettes, and using growth hormones. Trainers were the commonest source of recommendation. Conclusion: The prevalence of anabolic androgenic steroids abuse is high among bodybuilders in Erbil city. Public health awareness is essential and may help avoid the propagation of the problem. Keywords: Anabolic steroids; Gym users; Bodybuilders; Knowledge, Erbil.

scholarly journals Intrasexual competition as a potential influence on anabolic-androgenic steroid use initiation

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 1210-1220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Harris ◽  
Michael Dunn ◽  
Tina Alwyn
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Intrasexual Competition ◽  
Anabolic Androgenic Steroids ◽  
Anabolic Androgenic Steroid ◽  
Potential Influence ◽  
Steroid Use ◽  
Novice Group ◽  
Androgenic Steroid ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Androgenic Steroids

An estimated 293,000 people living in the United Kingdom have used anabolic-androgenic steroids. However, there is currently no intervention to reduce usage available in practice or academic circulation throughout the United Kingdom. This study aimed to test a novel hypothesis that increased levels of intrasexual competition may play an important influential role in the use of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Significantly higher levels of intrasexual competition were evident in users compared to non-users but only in the novice group (0–2 years of experience). The research provides evidence for intrasexual competition potentially influencing anabolic-androgenic steroid use but only during the initial stages of usage.

scholarly journals Long-Term Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Use Is Associated with Increased Atrial Electromechanical Delay in Male Bodybuilders

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustafa Akçakoyun ◽  
Elnur Alizade ◽  
Recep Gündoğdu ◽  
Mustafa Bulut ◽  
Mehmet Mustafa Tabakcı ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anabolic Androgenic Steroids ◽  
Anabolic Androgenic Steroid ◽  
Electromechanical Delay ◽  
Steroid Use ◽  
Atrial Electromechanical Delay ◽  
Androgenic Steroid ◽  
Androgenic Steroids

We investigated the effect of long-term supraphysiologic doses of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) on atrial electromechanical delay (AEMD) in male bodybuilders. We clearly demonstrated that long-term consumption of supraphysiologic doses of AAS is associated with higher values of inter- and intra-AEMD in healthy young bodybuilders.

Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids and Psychiatric-Related Effects: A Review*

1992 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leo Uzych
Keyword(s):  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Anabolic Androgenic Steroids ◽  
Anabolic Androgenic Steroid ◽  
Steroid Use ◽  
Clinical Observations ◽  
Behavioural Effects ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Disparate Data ◽  
Androgenic Steroids

Anabolic-androgenic steroid use may have a wide range of adverse psychiatric and behavioural effects. The available data, however, are often inconsistent and inconclusive concerning possible effects of anabolic-androgenic steroids on libido in men, in women and also the way in which they affect libido differently in males and females. Anabolic-androgenic steroids may both relieve and cause depression. Cessation or diminished use of anabolic-androgenic steroids may also result in depression. More study is required to determine whether or not the disparate data on depression are consistent clinical observations. The level of testosterone appears to be positively associated with “aggression”, particularly in response to provocation! Various psychotic symptoms and manic episodes may be associated with anabolic-androgenic steroids. The possibility of hypomania induced by synthetic androgens must also be considered.

scholarly journals Anabolic–androgenic steroids and dietary supplements among resistance trained individuals in western cities of Saudi Arabia

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ameen Mosleh Almohammadi ◽  
Anas Mohammed Edriss ◽  
Turki Talal Enani
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Dietary Supplements ◽  
Anabolic Steroids ◽  
Anabolic Androgenic Steroids ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Adverse Health Outcomes ◽  
Inadequate Knowledge ◽  
Therapeutic Measures ◽  
Androgenic Steroids

Abstract Background Anabolic–androgenic steroids (AAS) contain testosterone-like androgens and are used as supplements to improve performance, therapeutic measures, appearance, and muscular development. Purpose This study aimed to estimate using anabolic–androgenic steroids (AAS) and good and bad practices about dietary supplements among resistance-trained individuals. It further seeked to determine the use of common drugs and supplements containing anabolic steroids among resistance-trained individuals (who work out at the sports centre) and assess users' knowledge about its side effects. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted at the sports centres of the western cities of Saudi Arabia. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from 120 male resistance-trained individuals. Results The majority of the participants (80%) reported that they had not used any hormonal bodybuilding supplement last year, while 20% said they had used such hormonal supplements. Approximately half (52.5%) of participants reported that they always used dietary supplements. A total of 44.2% of participants possessed inadequate knowledge of these products. The main reason behind the use of hormones and supplements was to increase muscle mass. Conclusions A minority of resistance-trained individuals in the studied population frequently misused AAS. However, the results cannot be generalised to the whole of Saudi Arabia. AAS consumption can be reduced by enhancing the level of awareness and knowledge of potential adverse health outcomes.

Attitudes Toward Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids Among Non-competing Athletes in Various Types of Sports – A Cross-sectional Study –

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 109-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Singhammer
Keyword(s):  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Anabolic Androgenic Steroids ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Preventive Actions ◽  
Androgenic Steroids ◽  
Sports Data ◽  
Population Based Survey

Methods Aims: This study investigated the association between attitudes and intentions to use of anabolic - androgenic - steroids (AAS) between participants in various sports and within sports. Data were derived through a cross - sectional population based survey on 5,010 men and women aged 15 to 60 years. Response - rate was 34%. A combination of postal and web-based questionnaire was used. Data for the present study was restricted to 1,045 males. Results: Prevalence of AAS use was 23 (1.8 %), and 104 (5.3 %) of the respondents had considered AAS - use. On average, respondents that had considered using AAS held more positive attitudes toward AAS - use, compared to respondents without experienced within all types of sports. The biggest difference between considered and non - experienced was observed for Aerobics (1.09 CI, 0.76 - 1.41, R2 = 0.23, p = 0.000). No difference in attitudes to AAS - use between types of sports were observed. Conclusions: Attitudes toward AAS did not vary between types of sports and the level of acceptance was consistently higher among non - competing athletes with intentions to use AAS, regardless of the type of sport. The implication of the observations suggests that preventive actions against AAS use should revolve around individuals suggesting interest in AAS regardless of type of sport.

scholarly journals Anabolic androgenic steroids: what the psychiatrist needs to know

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry Rashid ◽  
Sara Ormerod ◽  
Ed Day
Keyword(s):  
Anabolic Steroids ◽  
Testicular Atrophy ◽  
Anabolic Androgenic Steroids ◽  
Steroid Use ◽  
Gastrointestinal Complications ◽  
Recreational Athletes ◽  
Manic Symptoms ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Psychiatric Complications ◽  
Androgenic Steroids

Anabolic androgenic steroids (commonly known as anabolic steroids) are synthetic derivatives of the hormone testosterone. They are being increasingly used by professional and recreational athletes to enhance performance, and by men and women to improve physical appearance. This article discusses the characteristics of such steroid ‘misusers’ and the techniques of use. It highlights the psychiatric complications associated with these steroids, including increased risk of aggression, personality disorders, psychosis and mood disorders, particularly manic symptoms. Medical complications of steroid use are common and frequently reversible. Use is associated with an increased risk of injury, cardiovascular events, gastrointestinal complications, virilisation in women, and gynaecomastia and testicular atrophy in men. Whether addiction to these steroids can occur is debatable, but there is evidence for dependence and a withdrawal syndrome. Steroid use may be a ‘gateway’ to other addictions. Users are often reluctant to seek treatment and the psychiatrist's role in the recognition and management of use is presented.

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