Lipase Catalyzed Preparation of Biodiesel from a Lollipop Effluent Stream

The monitoring of the effluent of a rotary dryer has been developed and implemented. The vapor stream between the dryer and the vacuum is monitored in real time by a process fiber-optic coupled near-infrared (NIR) spectrometer. A partial least-squares (PLS) calibration model was developed on the basis of solvents typically used in a chemical pilot plant and uploaded to an acousto-optic tunable filter NIR (AOTF-NIR). The AOTF-NIR is well suited to process monitoring as it electrically scans a crystal and hence has no moving parts. The AOTF-NIR continuously fits the PLS model to the currently collected spectrum. The returned values can be used to follow the drying process and determine when the material can be unloaded from the dryer. The effluent stream was monitored by placing a gas cell in-line with the vapor stream. The gas cell is fiber-optic coupled to a NIR instrument located 20 m away. The results indicate that the percent vapor in the effluent stream can be monitored in real time and thus be used to determine when the product is free of solvent.

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Erosion Resistance and Efficiency of Energy Exchangers

Volume 3: Coal, Biomass and Alternative Fuels; Combustion and Fuels; Oil and Gas Applications; Cycle Innovations ◽

10.1115/82-gt-191 ◽

1982 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

W. J. Thayer ◽

R. T. Taussig

Keyword(s):

Power Plant ◽

Fluidized Bed ◽

Gas Turbines ◽

Power Plants ◽

Erosion Resistance ◽

Operating Characteristics ◽

Hot Gas ◽

Point Increase ◽

Effluent Stream ◽

Plant Efficiency

Applications of energy exchangers, a type of gasdynamic wave machine, were evaluated in power plants fired by pressurized, fluidized bed combustors (PFBCs). Comparative analyses of overall power plant efficiency indicate that the use of energy exchangers as hot gas expanders may provide a 0.5 to 1.5 efficiency point increase relative to gas turbines. In addition, the unique operating characteristics of these machines are expected to reduce rotating component wear by a factor of 50 to 300 relative to conventional gas turbines operating in the particulate laden PFBC effluent stream.

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MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF THE REMOVAL OF ORGANIC MICROPOLLUTANTS IN THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS: A LINEAR BIODEGRADATION MODEL

The ANZIAM Journal ◽

10.1017/s1446181118000226 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 60 (2) ◽

pp. 191-229

Author(s):

MARK I. NELSON ◽

RUBAYYI T. ALQAHTANI ◽

FAISAL I. HAI

Keyword(s):

Residence Time ◽

Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽

Activated Sludge Process ◽

Simple Condition ◽

Removal Mechanism ◽

Organic Micropollutants ◽

Adsorption Model ◽

Micropollutant Removal ◽

Effluent Stream ◽

Steady State Solutions

Before wastewaters can be released into the environment, they must be treated to reduce the concentration of organic pollutants in the effluent stream. There is a growing concern as to whether wastewater treatment plants are able to effectively reduce the concentration of micropollutants that are also contained in their influent streams. We investigate the removal of micropollutants in treatment plants by analysing a model that includes biodegradation and sorption as the main mechanisms of micropollutant removal. For the latter a linear adsorption model is used in which adsorption only occurs onto particulates.The steady-state solutions of the model are found and their stability is determined as a function of the residence time. In the limit of infinite residence time, we show that the removal of biodegradable micropollutants is independent of the processes of adsorption and desorption. The limiting concentration can be decreased by increasing the concentration of growth-related macropollutants. Although, in principle, it is possible that the concentration of micropollutants is minimized at a finite value of the residence time, this was found not to be the case for the particular biodegradable micropollutants considered.For nonbiodegradable pollutants, we show that their removal is always optimized at a finite value of the residence time. For finite values of the residence time, we obtain a simple condition which identifies whether biodegradation is more or less efficient than adsorption as a removal mechanism. Surprisingly, we find that, for the micropollutants considered, adsorption is always more important than biodegradation, even when the micropollutant is classified as being highly biodegradable with low adsorption.

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MAGIC-LC/FT-IR Spectrometry: Preliminary Studies

Applied Spectroscopy ◽

10.1366/0003702884429634 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 42 (8) ◽

pp. 1365-1368 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

R. M. Robertson ◽

J. A. De Haseth ◽

J. D. Kirk ◽

R. F. Browner

Keyword(s):

Phase Composition ◽

Mobile Phase ◽

Mobile Phase Composition ◽

Reverse Phase ◽

Ir Spectrometry ◽

Aerosol Generation ◽

Mobile Phases ◽

Ft Ir ◽

Effluent Stream ◽

Phase Water

A new solvent elimination interface based on the Monodisperse Aerosol Generation Interface for Combining Liquid Chromatography with Fourier transform infrared (MAGIC-LC/FT-IR) spectrometry is described. The solvent elimination efficiency of MAGIC-LC/FT-IR was studied by varying the mobile-phase composition from 100% methanol to 100% water. As the mobile-phase composition was varied, erythrosin B was injected into the interface and deposited on a KBr window after the solvent removal. Spectra were obtained which compared favorably with reference spectra, even as the mobile-phase water content was increased. A reverse-phase separation was completed to demonstrate that readily identifiable spectra can be obtained from mobile phases containing high percentages of water, without heating of the effluent stream.

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Hydroxylysine Glycosides in Human Urine

Clinical Chemistry ◽

10.1093/clinchem/17.8.782 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 17 (8) ◽

pp. 782-788 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Marjorie F Lou ◽

Paul B Hamilton

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Human Urine ◽

Bone Collagen ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Collagen Turnover ◽

Surgical Fusion ◽

Cation Exchange Column ◽

Normal Human ◽

Effluent Stream ◽

Pass Through

Abstract Hydroxylysyl-galactosyl-glucose (HGG) and hydroxylysyl-galactose (HG) were isolated from normal human urine and shown to be identical with hydroxylysine glycosides (OHLG's) whose structure had been elucidated in other laboratories. We devised a procedure for separating the OHLG's from many other urinary constituents by preliminary fractionation on a column of Sephadex. The OHLG's in the fractions so obtained were then isolated, uncontaminated with other ninhydrin-positive components, in a single pass through an analytical cation-exchange column equipped for splitting the effluent stream. In addition, a procedure was devised for determining as little as 10-9 mol of the OHLG's in 100 µl of filtrate (corresponding to 83.3 µl, of urine) on standard ion-exchange chromatographic amino acid analyzers. In normal adult urine, 1.5, µmol of each glycoside was present per 100 mg of creatinine; the molar ratio of HHG to HG was about 1.1 to 1.2. Each was present in plasma in about 400- to 500-fold smaller concentration than in urine. After surgical fusion of the spine, excretion of OHLG's increased and the ratio of HGG to HG decreased, changes we interpreted as indicating a more rapid bone-collagen turnover consequent to surgical damage.

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