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Author(s):  
Mohammed Alyakoob ◽  
Mohammad S. Rahman

This paper examines the potential economic spillover effects of a home sharing platform—Airbnb—on the growth of a complimentary local service—restaurants. By circumventing traditional land-use regulations and providing access to underutilized inventory, Airbnb attracts visitors to outlets that are not traditional tourist destinations. Although visitors generally bring significant spending power, it is unclear whether visitors use Airbnb only primarily for lodging and thus do not contribute to the adjacent economy. To evaluate this, we focus on the impact of Airbnb on restaurant employment growth across locales in New York City (NYC). Specifically, we focus on areas in NYC that did not attract a significant tourist volume prior to the emergence of a home-sharing service. Our results indicate a salient and economically significant positive spillover effect on restaurant job growth in an average NYC locality. A one-percentage-point increase in the intensity of Airbnb activity (Airbnb reviews per household) leads to approximately 1.7% restaurant employment growth. Since home-sharing visitors are lodging in areas that are not accustomed to tourists, we also investigate the demographic and market-structure-related heterogeneity of our results. Notably, restaurants in areas with a relatively high number of White residents disproportionately benefit from the economic spillover of Airbnb activity, whereas the impact in majority-Black areas is not statistically significant. Thus, policy makers must consider the heterogeneity in the potential economic benefits as they look to regulate home-sharing activities.


2022 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus Buechel ◽  
Louise Slater ◽  
Simon Dadson

AbstractAmbitious afforestation proposals in the last decade target potential flood mitigation and carbon storage benefits but without a systematic, large-scale (>1000 km2) quantitative evaluation of their impacts on streamflow. Here, we assess the impact of afforestation on streamflow across twelve diverse catchments (c.500-10,000 km2) using a high-resolution land-surface model with a large ensemble of afforestation scenarios. Afforestation consistently decreases median and low streamflow. Median modelled flow is reduced by 2.8% ± 1.0 (1 s.d.), or 10 mm yr−1 ± 2.1 (1 s.d.), for a ten-percentage point increase in catchment broadleaf woodland. We find no nationally-consistent reduction of extreme floods. In larger catchments, planting extent is a stronger control on streamflow than location. Our results suggest that despite its potential environmental and societal benefits, widespread afforestation may inadvertently reduce water availability, particularly in drier areas, whilst only providing a modest reduction in extreme flood flows.


2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Jarke-Neuert ◽  
Grischa Perino ◽  
Henrike Schwickert

We test the hypothesis that protest participation decisions in an adult population of potential climate protesters are interdependent. Subjects (n=1,510) from the four largest German cities were recruited two weeks before protest date. We measured participation (ex post) and beliefs about the other subjects' participation (ex ante) in an online survey, used a randomized informational intervention to induce exogenous variance in beliefs, and estimated the causal effect of a change in belief on the probability of participation using a control function approach. Participation decisions are found to be strategic substitutes: a one percentage-point increase of belief causes a .67 percentage-point decrease in the probability of participation in the average subject.


Author(s):  
Stephanie R. Brown ◽  
Joan S. Roberts ◽  
Elizabeth Y. Killien ◽  
Thomas V. Brogan ◽  
Reid Farris ◽  
...  

AbstractThe objective of this article was to identify demographic and clinical factors associated with early recurrent arrest (RA) (<48 hours) and late RA (≥48 hours) among pediatric inpatients following an initial in-hospital cardiac arrest. A retrospective cohort study of inpatients was performed in a free-standing academic quaternary care children's hospital. All inpatients were <18 years old with a cardiac arrest event requiring ≥1 minute of cardiopulmonary resuscitation with the return of spontaneous circulation sustained for ≥20 minutes at Seattle Children's Hospital from February 1, 2012 to September 18, 2019. Of the 237 included patients, 20 (8%) patients had an early RA and 30 (13%) had a late RA. Older age and severe pre-arrest acidosis were associated with a higher risk of early RA, odds ratios (OR) 1.2 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1–1.3) per additional year and 4.6 (95% CI 1.2–18.1), respectively. Pre-arrest organ dysfunction was also associated with a higher risk of early RA with an OR of 3.3 (95% CI 1.1–9.4) for respiratory dysfunction, OR 1.4 (95% CI 1.1–1.9) for each additional dysfunctional organ system, and OR 1.1 (95% CI 1–1.2) for every one-point increase in PELOD2 score. The neonatal illness category was associated with a lower risk of late RA, OR 0.3 (95% CI 0.1–0.97), and severe post-arrest acidosis was associated with a higher risk of late RA, OR 4.2 (95% CI 1.1–15). Several demographic and clinical factors offer some ability to identify children who sustain a recurrent cardiac arrest, offering a potential opportunity for intervention to prevent early recurrent arrest.


2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Jarke-Neuert ◽  
Grischa Perino ◽  
Henrike Schwickert

We test the hypothesis that protest participation decisions in an adult population of potential climate protesters are interdependent. Subjects (n=1,510) from the four largest German cities were recruited two weeks before protest date. We measured participation (ex post) and beliefs about the other subjects' participation (ex ante) in an online survey, used a randomized informational intervention to induce exogenous variance in beliefs, and estimated the causal effect of a change in belief on the probability of participation using a control function approach. Participation decisions are found to be strategic substitutes: a one percentage-point increase of belief causes a .67 percentage-point decrease in the probability of participation in the average subject.


2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan S. Blyde ◽  
Mayra A. Ramírez

Empirical analyses that rely on micro-level panel data have found that exporters are generally less pollutant than non-exporters. While alternative explanations have been proposed, firm level data has not been used to examine the role of destination markets behind the relationship between exports and pollution. In this paper we argue that because consumers in high-income countries have higher valuations for clean environments than consumers in developing countries, exporters targeting high-income countries are more likely to improve their environmental outcomes than exporters targeting destinations where valuations for the environment are not high. Using a panel of firm-level data from Chile we find support to this hypothesis. A 10 percentage point increase in the share of exports to high-income countries is associated with a reduction in CO2 pollution intensity of about 16%. The results have important implications for firms in developing countries aiming to target high-income markets.


BMJ Open ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. e049251
Author(s):  
Sanjay Basu ◽  
Thomas Hone ◽  
Daniel Villela ◽  
Valeria Saraceni ◽  
Anete Trajman ◽  
...  

ObjectivesAs middle-income countries strive to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), it remains unclear to what degree expanding primary care coverage can help achieve those goals and reduce within-country inequalities in mortality. Our objective was to estimate the potential impact of primary care expansion on cause-specific mortality in the 15 largest Brazilian cities.DesignMicrosimulation model.Setting15 largest cities by population size in Brazil.ParticipantsSimulated populations.InterventionsWe performed survival analysis to estimate HRs of death by cause and by demographic group, from a national administrative database linked to the Estratégia de Saúde da Família (Family Health Strategy, FHS) electronic health and death records among 1.2 million residents of Rio de Janeiro (2010–2016). We incorporated the HRs into a microsimulation to estimate the impact of changing primary care coverage in the 15 largest cities by population size in Brazil.Primary and secondary outcome measuresCrude and age-standardised mortality by cause, infant mortality and under-5 mortality.ResultsIncreased FHS coverage would be expected to reduce inequalities in mortality among cities (from 2.8 to 2.4 deaths per 1000 between the highest-mortality and lowest-mortality city, given a 40 percentage point increase in coverage), between welfare recipients and non-recipients (from 1.3 to 1.0 deaths per 1,000), and among race/ethnic groups (between Black and White Brazilians from 1.0 to 0.8 deaths per 1,000). Even a 40 percentage point increase in coverage, however, would be insufficient to reach SDG targets alone, as it would be expected to reduce premature mortality from non-communicable diseases by 20% (vs the target of 33%), and communicable diseases by 15% (vs 100%).ConclusionsFHS primary care coverage may be critically beneficial to reducing within-country health inequalities, but reaching SDG targets will likely require coordination between primary care and other sectors.


Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Jadwiga Hamulka ◽  
Joanna Frackiewicz ◽  
Beata Stasiewicz ◽  
Marta Jeruszka-Bielak ◽  
Anna Piotrowska ◽  
...  

The study aimed at identifying the socioeconomic, eating- and health-related limitations and their associations with food consumption among Polish women 60+ years old. Data on the frequency of consumption of fruit, vegetables, dairy, meat, poultry, fish, legumes, eggs, water and beverages industrially unsweetened were collected with the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA®) and were expressed in the number of servings consumed per day or week. Three indexes: the Socioeconomic Status Index (SESI), the Eating-related Limitations Score (E-LS) and the Health-related Limitations Score (H-LS) were developed and applied. SESI was created on the base of two variables: place of residence and the self-reported economic situation of household. E-LS included: difficulties with self-feeding, decrease in food intake due to digestive problems, chewing or swallowing difficulties, loss of appetite, decrease in the feeling the taste of food, and feeling satiety, whereas H-LS included: physical function, comorbidity, cognitive function, psychological stress and selected anthropometric measurements. A logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the socioeconomic, eating-, and health-related limitations of food consumption. Lower socioeconomic status (vs. higher) was associated with a lower chance of consuming fruit/vegetables ≥2 servings/day (OR = 0.25) or consuming dairy ≥1 serving/day (OR = 0.32). The existence of multiple E-LS limitations (vs. few) was associated with a lower chance of consuming fruit/vegetables ≥2 servings/day (OR = 0.72), consuming dairy ≥1 serving/day (OR = 0.55) or consuming water and beverages industrially unsweetened ≥6 cups/day (OR = 0.56). The existence of multiple H-LS limitations was associated with a lower chance of consuming fruit/vegetables ≥2 servings/day (OR = 0.79 per 1 H-LS point increase) or consuming dairy ≥1 serving/day (OR = 0.80 per 1 H-LS point increase). Limitations found in the studied women were related to insufficient consumption of selected groups of food, which can lead to malnutrition and dehydration. There is a need for food policy actions, including practical educational activities, to eliminate barriers in food consumption, and in turn to improve the nutritional and health status of older women.


Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Mizuki Takaragawa ◽  
Takuro Tobina ◽  
Keisuke Shiose ◽  
Ryo Kakigi ◽  
Takamasa Tsuzuki ◽  
...  

Human muscle fiber composition is heterogeneous and mainly determined by genetic factors. A previous study reported that experimentally induced iron deficiency in rats increases the proportion of fast-twitch muscle fibers. Iron status has been reported to be affected by genetic factors. As the TMPRSS6 rs855791 T/C and HFE rs1799945 C/G polymorphisms are strongly associated with iron status in humans, we hypothesized that the genotype score (GS) based on these polymorphisms could be associated with the muscle fiber composition in humans. Herein, we examined 214 Japanese individuals, comprising of 107 men and 107 women, for possible associations of the GS for iron status with the proportion of myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms (I, IIa, and IIx) as markers of muscle fiber composition. No statistically significant correlations were found between the GS for iron status and the proportion of MHC isoforms in all participants. When the participants were stratified based on sex, women showed positive and negative correlations of the GS with MHC-IIa (age-adjusted p = 0.020) and MHC-IIx (age-adjusted p = 0.011), respectively. In contrast, no correlation was found in men. In women, a 1-point increase in the GS was associated with 2.42% higher MHC-IIa level and 2.72% lower MHC-IIx level. Our results suggest that the GS based on the TMPRSS6 rs855791 T/C and HFE rs1799945 C/G polymorphisms for iron status is associated with muscle fiber composition in women.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Aliaa K. Alhead ◽  
Shatha F. Khaleel

This study includes analysis of different crude oil stock for various field Iraqi oil by gas chromatography instrument, using simulated distillation technique for determining the  initial and final  boiling point distribution and specified compound distillation information (normal paraffins) (Recovery W/W) for (nC5 – nC44), ASTM-D5307 becomes the analytical method. This method need tow samples; the first one spiked with internal standard and the second without internal standard. This analysis for quantitative and qualitative oil characterization which is often useful for evaluating the range of hydrocarbons in crude oil using Simulated Distillation. The study was performed using: Quarterly analysis of SIMDIS GC Distillation for three field (East Baghdad, Badra, Amara) Comparison of analyzes of SIMDIS GC Distillation with Different API (light, intermediate, heavy) with Initial boiling point (IBP). Finding experimental relationship between API and Initial boiling point (IBP):          The result of this study shows that the boiling point increase as the number of carbon is increase, the values of n-Pentane (nC5) to n- Tetratetracontane (nC44) (w/w) changes from winter and summer (difference in temperatures), Positive correlation between C6 and C5 with API, where their percentages increase with increasing API for crude oil and C6 and C5 are lower in summer than in winter due to the evaporation of light components of the samples in summer. Initial boiling point increase as the API is decrease that mean in crude oil have heavy component increases and light component decrease (inverse relationship).


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