Classıfıcatıon System for Wood Recognıtıon using K-Nearest Neıghbour wıth Optımızed Features from Bınary Gravıtatıonal Algorıthm

The technique of Electron Reduced Density Function (RDF) analysis has ben developed into a rapid analytical tool for the analysis of small volumes of amorphous or polycrystalline materials. The energy filtered electron diffraction pattern is collected to high scattering angles (currendy to s = 2 sinθ/λ = 6.5 Å-1) by scanning the selected area electron diffraction pattern across the entrance aperture to a GATAN parallel energy loss spectrometer. The diffraction pattern is then converted to a reduced density function, G(r), using mathematical procedures equivalent to those used in X-ray and neutron diffraction studies.Nearest neighbour distances accurate to 0.01 Å are obtained routinely, and bond distortions of molecules can be determined from the ratio of first to second nearest neighbour distances. The accuracy of coordination number determinations from polycrystalline monatomic materials (eg Pt) is high (5%). In amorphous systems (eg carbon, silicon) it is reasonable (10%), but in multi-element systems there are a number of problems to be overcome; to reduce the diffraction pattern to G(r), the approximation must be made that for all elements i,j in the system, fj(s) = Kji fi,(s) where Kji is independent of s.

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International Research and Variation in Views of Ethnicity

Perspectives on Global Issues in Communication Sciences and Related Disorders ◽

10.1044/gics2.2.66 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 66-72

Author(s):

Ella Inglebret ◽

Amy Skinder-Meredith ◽

Shana Bailey ◽

Carla Jones ◽

Ashley France

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Classification System ◽

International Research ◽

The United States ◽

Research Articles ◽

Journal Articles ◽

Research Participants ◽

The Past ◽

International Scale ◽

Publication Patterns

The authors in this article first identify the extent to which research articles published in three American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) journals included participants, age birth to 18 years, from international backgrounds (i.e., residence outside of the United States), and go on to describe associated publication patterns over the past 12 years. These patterns then provide a context for examining variation in the conceptualization of ethnicity on an international scale. Further, the authors examine terminology and categories used by 11 countries where research participants resided. Each country uses a unique classification system. Thus, it can be expected that descriptions of the ethnic characteristics of international participants involved in research published in ASHA journal articles will widely vary.

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