National Integration and Political Development in Pakistan

The concepts of “party” and “party system” may be obscuring the nature of early national political culture. The presence of a modern party ethos before the 1830s seems to be taken for granted, as are assumptions regarding the alleged benefits of party. Historians have not yet demonstrated, however, the many dimensions of institutionalized party behavior. Focus is recommended on three observable elements of party (after Sorauf): as organization, in office, in the electorate. Studies of party self-consciousness developing over the entire 1789–1840 period are necessary in various political units. Evidence is inconclusive, but weighs on balance against a first party system of Federalists and Republicans (1790s–1820s). While relatively stable elite coalitions and even mass cleavage patterns perhaps developed at staggered intervals in different arenas, especially during the war crisis period of 1809–1816, the norms of party did not take root and pervade the polity. The era to the 1820s was transitional, a deferential-participant phase of mixed political culture roughly comparable to England's after 1832. Theories relating party to democratization, national integration, and political development, should be reconsidered.

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Political Parties and National Integration in Emerging Democracies: A Focus on the Nigerian State

Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences ◽

10.2478/mjss-2018-0162 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 69-74

Author(s):

S. M. Omodia

Keyword(s):

Political Parties ◽

Political Institutions ◽

Political Development ◽

Body Politic ◽

National Development ◽

Functional Theory ◽

Emerging Democracies ◽

National Integration ◽

Democratic Culture ◽

Political Analysis

Abstract Political Parties are Political institutions which are basically designed for power acquisition for the purpose of utilizing power for public good. In other words, political parties as agents of political development are expected not only to articulate and aggregate political interest but as a secondary group, political parties are expected to bring to their fold members from various ethnic background, class and religion for the purpose of galvanising them for national development. Thus, the concepts of people and integration are so central to the conception of leadership and organisation that defines political parties. This paper through the use of historical political analysis and the use of the structural-functional theory unfolds the activities of political parties in emerging democracies as regard the process cum pattern of mobilization for power acquisition and the utilization of such power for national development and integration. Based on the analysis, the deduction is that even though the leading political parties in Nigeria are national in outlook - both in party structure and membership, the parties are defective based on institutional weakness and the inability to provide functional check on party representative in government after utilizing the party to gain political offices. This is coupled with restrictive access to political offices through the zoning of such offices based on ethnic consideration, thereby fuelling ethnic identity in the Nigerian body - politic. The paper therefore views political parties as integrative mechanisms not only for deepening and widening democratic culture in emerging democracies but also as agents of national integration and development.

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National Integration and Political Development

American Political Science Review ◽

10.2307/1953137 ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 58 (3) ◽

pp. 622-631 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Leonard Binder

Keyword(s):

Empirical Research ◽

Political Development ◽

Practical Relevance ◽

National Integration ◽

Starting Point ◽

The Relationship

The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between two concepts which have lately enjoyed an increasing popularity among students of the politics of the developing areas. A couple of arbitrary definitions might dispose of the problem in facile fashion, but our present interest is neither in systematic abstraction nor in generalizing the significance of narrow-gauge empirical research. The method pursued rests upon the assumption that both national integration and political development are situationally bound phenomena. Hence, the conclusions drawn from the present exploration are meant to have a temporary, but practical relevance. Because of this assumption, arriving at an appropriate understanding of the problem of national integration in relation to political development is the goal rather than the starting point of this paper.

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Punitive Colonialism: The Dutch and the Indonesian National Integration

Journal of Southeast Asian Studies ◽

10.1017/s0022463400018580 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 159-168 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Mohd. A. Nawawi

Keyword(s):

Political Development ◽

Critical Evaluation ◽

Initial Assessment ◽

The Political ◽

Political Integration ◽

Colonial Rule ◽

National Integration ◽

Colonial Experience ◽

The Impact ◽

Dutch Colonialism

It is widely acknowledged that colonial experience has greatly affected the political development of ex-colonial countries. In particular, colonialism has often been regarded as the most important, if not the sole, basis of national integration in many of these countries. At the same time, the literature on political development still lacks a critical evaluation of the impact of colonial rule on these ex-colonies. The following essay is an initial assessment of the contribution of Dutch colonialism to the national political integration of Indonesia. Such an evaluation has not been explicitly made, even though the literature on Indonesia does not lack sweeping judgments by both Indonesian nationalists and the apologists for the Dutch “mission interrupted”.

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Group Conflict and Human Rights in the Horn of Africa

Issue A Journal of Opinion ◽

10.1017/s004716070050184x ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 5-8

Author(s):

John Markakis

Keyword(s):

Political Development ◽

Import Substitution ◽

Institution Building ◽

Nation State ◽

Traditional Society ◽

Horn Of Africa ◽

National Integration ◽

Social Modernization ◽

To Come ◽

Bureaucratic Institutions

Africa’s receptiveness to Western fashionable concepts and theories appears to have suffered little from repeated demonstration of inappropriateness. The list of inapt imports is long and quite familiar to the older generation of Africanist academics who had a hand in fashioning and disseminating them. It began with the imperative of the “nation-state” that was to be forged in the process of national integration and institution building. Economic development was to come via industrialization, “import substitution” and diversification of exports, and social modernization would follow the passing of traditional society. Political development had a complex formula: “constitutionalism” and “rational legitimacy,” “interest articulation, aggregation and representation,” “functionally specific” bureaucratic institutions, and “prescriptive” as opposed to “ascriptive” recruitment.

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On the Advantages of a No-Party State

The Journal of Modern African Studies ◽

10.1017/s0022278x0002214x ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 122-127 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

A. Okion Ojigbo

Keyword(s):

Political Parties ◽

Middle Ages ◽

Political Development ◽

Party Systems ◽

The Political ◽

National Integration ◽

Late Middle Ages ◽

Western Government ◽

History Of ◽

Party State

One of the most important issues of political development and nation building in Africa is national integration. One major political institution which the new nations have employed in the pursuit of this goal is the political party. Ironically and unfortunately, political parties stand for division and cleavages. Thus as Seymour Lipset and Stein Rokkan have noted, in Cleavage Structures, Party Systems, and Voter Alignment: an introduction (Glencoe, 1967), ‘“Party” throughout the history of western government stood for division [my italics], conflict, opposition within a body polity. “Party” is etymologically derived from “part” and since it first appeared in political discourse in the late Middle Ages has always retained this reference to one set of elements in competition or in controversy with another set of elements within some unified whole’ (p. 3). These indeed have been the main characteristics of political parties in most parts of Africa. That is, most of them are fragmentary, and thus contribute to national disintegration rather than fostering national integration. In other words, many political parties in most African nations have not functioned efficiently for the good of their respective countries.

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