Political Islam in the Social Life of Afghanistan (Late 20th — Early 21st Centuries)

Период, рассмотренный в статье, был отмечен серьезными потрясениями в регионе Ближнего и Среднего Востока. В Афганистане ситуация складывалась сложнее и трагичнее, чем в окружающих его мусульманских странах. Предшествующие политические потрясения и последовавшие вслед за ними гражданская война и американская интервенция предопределили фактическую дезорганизацию многонационального государства. Можно констатировать, что на современном этапе Афганистан представляет собой скорее географическое понятие с условным названием «Исламская республика» (с 2002 года). Главным признаком такого состояния становится полуфеодальная раздробленность, базирующаяся на этнонациональном принципе. Вторым признаком является слабая, по сути лишь номинальная центральная власть во главе с президентами — фактическими ставленниками США. Эта власть не имеет опоры в афганском обществе, где почти за полвека изнурительной войны практически уничтожена прежняя политическая элита, а население не подчиняется центральным государственным органам на протяжении десятилетий. К этим признакам следует отнести и то обстоятельство, что новые поколения афганцев вырастали в условиях непрекращающейся войны, формирующей определенный психологический климат в обществе, уже не представляющем без нее своего существования. В статье использованы доступные источники по современной военно-политической, социально-экономической и этноконфессиональной ситуации в Афганистане. Среди них определенный интерес представляют путевые заметки американских и французских экспертов Р. Морейя и О. Вебера, специализирующихся в вопросах экономической и гуманитарной помощи. По всей видимости, их опубликованные в западной прессе впечатления очевидцев являются литературным продолжением служебных рапортов, но даже в этом случае они содержат живой фактический материал. Необходимым дополнением являются статистические отчеты и сборники документов ООН, где отражены проблемы и неудачи афганских властей в осуществлении составленных американскими экспертами программ экономической и социальной модернизации Афганистана. В сущности, источниковая база по современным реалиям афганской истории удручающе бедна, а упомянутые выше материалы вполне соответствуют проблематике статьи. The period investigated in the article was marred by serious upheavals in the Middle East. The situation in Afghanistan was more tragic and complicated than the situation in adjacent countries. The political commotion, the ensuing civil conflict and American intervention plunged the multinational country into political disarray. At present (since 2002) Afghanistan is a geographical location that can be tentatively called an Islamic Republic. It is characterized by ethnic fragmentation (a feudal anachronism), nominal centralized government headed by a US protégé. The government is not supported by Afghan society, there has been more than a half century of conflict which has claimed lives of many politicians, the government has been ignored by the population for several decades. The new generations of Afghan people grew under the conditions of a never-ending war, which has a gruesome impact on society. The article uses available sources on modern military, political, social, economic, ethnic and confessional situation in Afghanistan. Special attention is given to travel notes written by American and French experts R. Morey and O. Weber, who specialize in economic and humanitarian aid. The travel notes published by western media are an interpretation of official reports, but they discuss real life situations. The article also analyzes statistical reports and UN documents which describe problems and failures of the Afghan government to carry out economic and social modernization plans elaborated by American experts. It should be noted that there are depressingly few sources one can rely on when exploring modern Afghan history and the aforementioned sources meet the requirements of the article.

La expresión del malestar en Chile: cultura, esfera pública y luchas sociales

This article develops the concepts of the public sphere, cultural malaise and social suffering in critical theory to think of social struggles as forms of social protest and political protest that occurred since October 2019 in Chile. The article explores the thesis on social discontent, which maintains that recent social struggles are a public expression of the unrest cultivated by processes of social modernization. According to the author, beyond the normative justification in reasons and arguments regarding the conditions of injustice that affect the agents in struggle, the social critique emerges from the social suffering that finds its place in the materiality of the discourses, images and bodies in the public sphere.

Human Evolution: the Limits of Technocentrism

The purpose of this article is to define the limits of technocentrism through the analysis of the limiting opportunities of technique and technology from certain value positions. Theoretical basis. The philosophical anthropology of Helmut Plessner (the axiological direction in anthropology and neo-institutionalism) was the research methodology. Originality. The institutional use of technology gives it the character of a social phenomenon and turns it into technology. The ability of individuals, which is aimed at achieving a certain goal with the help of certain sustainable techniques, is not yet technology in itself but is only a certain author’s technique. Such subjectively acquired technique can be turned into socially used technology, otherwise, it will be lost. Technology is a technique that has gained recognition and has been mastered by those who did not invent it but used the algorithm proposed by the inventor, a detailed and functionally sound explanation, a method of constructing this technique. But the main thing is that technology is a technique that has received an acceptable justification for society. Conclusions. Technology is not only a means of achieving the goal, it is a way for a human being to transform the world. As such, technology is a component of human himself/herself and changes human – more precisely, a human being changed himself/herself with the help of technologies that he/she creates. However, this creates certain limits of such transformations: technology cannot replace humans in their ability to self-reproduce. Technology is always an element of social communication: the success of communication is interdependent on the success of the technology. Social modernization includes new technologies, but a more important component of social modernization is the new values for which these new technologies are created. Human evolution generates the technocratism at a certain stage. But to the extent that technocracy begins to contradict the values of humans and society, it loses its source of development – human creativity.

NGUYEN BINH KHIEM'S THOUGHT AND THE BUILDING OF ECOLOGICAL ETHICS IN THE CURRENT PERIOD

Ecological disasters have affected all countries and regions around the world. It hinders the process of social modernization, and threatens the survival of all mankind. In that context, the building of ecological ethics becomes one of the urgent and practical needs to contribute to environmental protection, ensuring sustainable development. Researching the history of Vietnamese thoughts in the 15th - 16th centuries reveal that Nguyen Binh Khiem is one of the typical thinkers whose moral philosophy is not only valuable for that historical period, but there are still many values for all areas of today's social life, including the area of ecological ethics. In this article, the author focuses on analyzing his three typical thoughts, including: thought on loving peace; thought on nature, thought on the relationship between man and nature; the philosophy of living in harmony with nature, thereby drawing the value of these thoughts for the issue of ecological ethics building in the current period. <p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0790/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

THE PHYSICIANS OF GERMAN ORIGIN IN MINING WORKS OF THE URALS IN THE 1ST HALF OF THE 19th CENTURY

The article analyzes the contribution of physicians of German origin in the development of the medical sphere in state and private mining districts in the Urals in the first half of the 19th century. Their active involvement to the service in this distant region in the period under consideration is due to the escalating shortage of qualified specialists in the conditions of the new medical system’s emergence for persons who served directly to the state. The author identified 37 such doctors: the Russian Germans, mainly from the Baltic provinces, and the subjects of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, and natives of several German states. This was the fifth part of all doctors who served in the mining plants of the Urals in the first half of the 19th century, which is basically more than the representation of other foreigners. This ratio shows the leading positions of the German medical school at that time. The author systematized the materials on the number, level of education, and motives for admission to the service of doctors of German origin, its place and conditions. M. G. Wolf and K. A. Time made the most successful administrative careers, became medical inspectors of the Ural Mining Board. For three decades, they methodically carried out departmental control of the medical sphere of the region’s private mining plants, sought to fulfill the requirements of legislation. The diverse, including administrative, activity of physicians of German origin made a significant contribution to the process of medicalization in the Urals, which is part of a more global process of social modernization.

Schumania and Spain’s Heavy-Industry Supply

The title of this book -The European Rescue of the Franco Regime- intends to draw the reader’s attention away from traditional narratives. The thesis widely sustained by scholars and reflected in public opinion is that the institutionalized pattern of European integration contributed to isolate and weaken the political regime that generalissimo Francisco Franco established after his victory in the Spanish Civil War (1936-9) and headed until his death in November 1975. In Spain, during the struggle for democracy under and immediately following Franco’s dictatorship, membership in the European Communities became emblematic of a collective desire for democratic consolidation and social modernization, as well as the fastest route to elevate the Spanish standard of living in line with Europe’s most advanced societies. This notion of the Europeanization of Spain has made it difficult to conceive the Spanish policy of the European Communities during the Franco era as anything other than a significant element in the combat against Francoism. It is indisputable that the Axis stigma prevented Francoist Spain’s membership to the European Communities. Yet the absence of membership constitutes neither the beginning nor the end, nor even the most important component of the story. From exclusion, a multiplicity of possibilities sprouted, including active support. Although the rescue concept emerged from the analysis of the Six, it could be extended to Franco Spain. The purpose of the Spanish EEC strategy was to generate material prosperity in Spain to maintain the dictatorship’s grip on the country, not to advance the arrival of democracy.

EFFECTS OF NON-TRADITIONAL LESSONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CREATIVE ABILITIES OF PRIMARY SCHOOL PUPILS

Socio-economic development of Kazakhstan in the XXI century confronts to teachers more complex tasks than ever before. The Message of the first President N. A. Nazarbayev to the people of Kazakhstan states that the education reform is one of the most important tools to ensure the real competitiveness of Kazakhstan. To achieve the performance of tasks, it is necessary to create a modern educational system with the needs of economic and social modernization. It is necessary to create conditions for education throughout a person’s life [1]. In modern society, especially demanded intellectually developed, creative thinking experts. Today it is not enough to have great theoretical knowledge, practical skills and sustainable skills. The development of thinking, the ability to solve problems independently and be active, make decisions and adapt to the changing conditions of life – that’s what requirements must meet modern specialist. It is only one way out of this situation – to look for new learning technologies, new forms of training that will teach children to learn to acquire knowledge on their own, develop imagination and creativity of students. In the article investigated the technique of development the creative abilities of primary school pupils by non-traditional lessons.

Degeneration, Eugenics, and The Playboy of the Western World

This chapter considers Synge’s controversial, riot-inducing masterpiece, The Playboy of the Western World (1907). Playboy, as a form of discursive retribution against certain restrictive politics, deploys a drama of sexual selection in a degenerated landscape in order to posit ironic humour, imaginative freedom, and ‘savage’ violence as a revitalizing impulse. Beginning with a curious phonetic letter sent to Synge by his friend, this chapter explores the themes of evolutionism, degeneration, and irony discussed in previous chapters, showing how Synge’s writing interacted with contemporary eugenicist discourses but posited the case for social and economic regeneration (rather than ‘race improvement’) as an antidote. Against this background, the chapter demonstrates that The Playboy is the apotheosis of Synge’s increasingly modernist, increasingly political, drama. For him, nationalist orthodoxies and certain forms of economic and social modernization were degenerative, and The Playboy purposefully acts as a sort of ironic protest against this. The chapter concludes by showing that writers such as W. B. Yeats, and later the playwright Teresa Deevy in her The King of Spain’s Daughter (1937), recognized Synge’s literary and political radicalism before he was effectively canonized as a cultivator of a Romantic cult of the peasant. Synge’s modernism, as The Playboy of the Western World shows most clearly, is simultaneously a form of political and literary protest. Rooted in his socialism and informed by his long-standing engagement with modernization, it is the apotheosis of his tendency towards a literary experiment which works in tandem with an ever-developing political, social, and aesthetic consciousness.

Female education in post-reform Russia as a social lift

A significant expansion of female education for the representatives of different classes was a progressive phenomenon of the “great reforms” of Emperor Alexander II. Against the background of social changes in Russia, women thus received additional opportunities for their socialization and work. The study of the use of female education as a social lift is of interest from the point of view of the history of social modernization. The study aims to study the experience of using female education as a social lift on the example of the Tver province of the Russian Empire. The study uses a set of methods of female and gender history and the local history approach, which collectively make it possible to focus on the regional specifics of the modernization of the female education system in the context of the individual’s everyday practices within the framework of an interdisciplinary field. Published statistical data are involved in the research; unpublished documents from the funds of regional archives are also introduced into scientific circulation. The novelty of the article lies in the recreation of the practices of using female education as a social lift in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries using the example of the Tver province. Various levels and forms of female education in Russia in the era of “great reforms” and the period that followed them have been studied. The mechanisms of socialization of Russian women of different classes are revealed, depending on the level of education received.