Aging and Twentieth-Century Britain

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Charlotte Greenhalgh
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Older People ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
History Of ◽  
Persistent Poverty ◽  
History Of Old Age ◽  
British State

Existing scholarship on the history of old age displays several puzzling contradictions. Its chronological definitions of old age, which usually begin at around sixty, encompass people of enormous diversity in health, wealth, and even age. Meanwhile, older people themselves reject such definitions. Instead, elderly Britons have typically looked to their own lives in order to understand what it has meant to grow old. In the twentieth century, experiences of old age were shaped by the increasingly humane treatment of older Britons. Yet the British state simultaneously tolerated persistent poverty among the aged. This book addresses these tensions by uniting the public and private histories of aging and by putting the particular challenges of researching old age at the heart of its account.

Paying for Old Age: Past, Present, Future

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Thomas ◽  
Paul Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Ageing Population ◽  
Social Security Systems ◽  
Security Systems ◽  
Old Age Support ◽  
The Public ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Old Age ◽  
The Uk

This chapter focuses on one fundamental aspects of an ageing population — how to pay for old age, individually and collectively. It also presents a study of the history of old age support in the UK and US and concludes that despite the quite different beginnings of the public pension and social security systems, government policy in both countries has become similarly locked in to a set of institutional arrangements which were devised to respond to immediate social and economic problems, but which have acquired a rationale and a dynamic of their own.

scholarly journals REPRESENTATION OF THE OLD AGE IN THE TOWNS OF THE POLISH-LITHUANIAN COMMONWEALTH IN THE LATE MEDIEVAL AND EARLY MODERN TIMES

2018 ◽  
pp. 18-27
Author(s):  
T. Hoshko
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
Legal Literature ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Early Modern Times ◽  
History Of Old Age ◽  
The Town

From ancient times, philosophical treatises divided human life into separate periods. The most extreme of them were childhood and old age. If the first of these stages is relatively well represented both in legal literature and documentary sources, the second one is paid much less attention. There was no clear dating of the beginning of old age. The attitude towards older people was ambivalent, which was dictated by both Christian views and the practice of life. These views were widespread in the towns of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 16th and 17th centuries. The town law to some extent protected older people, but in most cases, they did not act as subjects of law. The important groups of sources for the history of old age are the codes of law and burghers’ testaments.

Internationally Common Features of Public Old-Age Pensions, and Their Implications for Models of the Public Sector

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Casey B Mulligan ◽  
Xavier Sala-i-Martin
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Public Pension ◽  
The Public ◽  
Political Forces ◽  
Economic Forces ◽  
Country Characteristics ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Old Age ◽  
Lifetime Earnings

Abstract What does the international history of old-age Social Security program design say about the forces creating and sustaining it as a public program? First, because many program features are internationally common, and/or explained by country characteristics, SS may emerge and grow due to systematic political and economic forces. Second, some observations suggest that political forces are important: (a) SS redistributes from young to old, even when the elderly consume as much or more than do the young, and (b) benefits increase with lifetime earnings and are hardly means-tested. On the other hand, it is not simply a matter of the elderly out-voting the young, because: (c) benefit formulas induce retirement, especially in the countries with the largest SS budgets, and (d) similar public pension programs emerge and grow under very different political regimes. We explain how empirical observations, and some currently unanswered empirical questions, relate to various public pension theories.

The four eras of “marketing” in twentieth century India

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 294-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chinmay Tumbe ◽  
Isha Ralli
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Advertising Agencies ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Agricultural Marketing ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Public ◽  
Marketing Managers ◽  
Marketing History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Corporate Discourse

Purpose The purpose of this study is to understand the evolution of “marketing” in the public and corporate discourse of twentieth-century India. Design/methodology/approach The paper draws its inferences from an analysis of the digital Times of India and Financial Times historical newspaper databases, the corporate archives of two leading Mumbai-based firms – Godrej in consumer goods and Cipla in pharmaceuticals and oral histories of marketing managers. Findings The paper identifies four eras of “marketing” in twentieth-century India. Era I (1910-1940) saw the emergence of agricultural “marketing boards” and “marketing officers” in the public sector and the growth of Indian and multinational advertising agencies. Era II (1940-1970) witnessed the formation of management and advertising associations and business schools with close involvement of American players. In Era III (1970-1990), there was a paradigm shift as “marketing” grew in corporate discourse and firms began to employ “marketing managers” in “marketing departments”. Era IV (1990-till date) witnessed the explosion of “marketing” in public and corporate discourse alongside the consumption boom in India. The paper shows how “marketing” evolved separately in the public and private sectors and in different phases as compared to that in the West. Research limitations/implications This paper overturns conventional wisdom on marketing history in India, which has so far discounted its significance before 1960 or accorded primary significance to the 1990s’ economic liberalisation programme. Practical implications Findings of this study will be useful to marketing professionals and teachers who wish to learn more about the history of marketing in India. Originality/value The paper uses unexplored archival material and provides the first account on the evolution of “marketing” in public and corporate discourse in twentieth-century India.

Epilogue

2018 ◽  
pp. 156-172
Author(s):  
Charlotte Greenhalgh
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Older People ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Residential Care ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Population Aging ◽  
Late Life ◽  
Social Transformations ◽  
British State

What it means to be old is among the most pressing questions of our time. International organizations describe population aging as one of the most significant social transformations of this century with potentially dire effects. Yet there has been debate over measurements of population aging since it first became a topic of concern in the 1930s. Since then, the British state has established collective markers of old age such as retirement and residential care, but individuals experienced aging before, after, and independently of these apparent parameters of late life. Older people raised their voices in diverse fields of twentieth-century life and they spoke with particular authority at midcentury. In so doing, older Britons asked to be understood through the course of their own lives.

Aging in Twentieth-Century Britain

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Greenhalgh
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Elderly People ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Social Research ◽  
Baby Boom ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
Baby Boom Generation ◽  
Do So

As the baby boom generation reaches retirement and old age, bringing unprecedented challenges, this study of aging could not be more timely. Historian Charlotte Greenhalgh examines ignored testimony to urge us to hear the voices of elderly people in Britain throughout the twentieth century. To do so, she probes the work of Peter Townsend, one of Britain’s most celebrated social scientists, and reveals the significant contributions that elderly Britons have made to social research since 1900. The study is the first to unite the public and private histories of old age and to investigate what their connections reveal about attitudes towards old age. This book helps us to understand the experience of growing old — what has changed and what stays the same across time.

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF THE RUSSIAN MARITIME UNION

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-42
Author(s):  
MEDET TECHMURATOVICH JORAEV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Far East ◽  
Scientific Activity ◽  
Public Organization ◽  
The Public ◽  
Domestic Literature ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
History Of ◽  
Technical Innovations

The article is devoted to the aspects of scientific activity of the Russian Maritime Union. This public organization in the early twentieth century set itself the task of reviving the Russian imperial navy after the defeat in the russo - japanese war of 1904-1905. Meetings of a public organization where scientific problems were discussed are considered. Special attention is paid to the existing rules for publishing a collection of scientific papers by the leaders of the Russian Maritime Union. Information is given on issues related to the colonization of remote areas of Siberia and the Far East. The reasons for the lag of Russian commercial shipping from Western European countries are investigated. The prerequisites for the successful development of German commercial shipbuilding and shipping in the early twentieth century are analyzed. The relationship between the problems of development of Siberian rivers and the unsatisfactory economic condition of remote Russian territories is traced. The history of domestic public organizations and naval affairs in the early twentieth century is studied. In addition, the organization of the Russian maritime union for the promotion of naval knowledge is being considered. The public organization subscribed specialized foreign and domestic literature and created libraries on these issues, open to the public. Then the Russian maritime union attracted such technical innovations as cinematog- raphy and filmstrips to promote naval knowledge among the Russian population.

National Foresight in Korea: History of Futures Studies and Foresight in Korea

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 232-244
Author(s):  
Kyungmoo Heo ◽  
Yongseok Seo
Keyword(s):  
National Development ◽  
Futures Studies ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Public Interests ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
National Assembly ◽  
The Public ◽  
History Of

Public interests in coming futures of Korea continue to be increasing. Fears on uncertainties and pending challenges as well as demands on a new but Korea-own development model trigger a quantitative increase of futures research and relevant organizations in both public and private. The objective of this paper is to review history of futures studies and national development plan and strategy linked with foresight along with its challenges and recommendations. This paper identifies drawbacks and limits of Korea foresight such as misapplication of foresight as a strategic planning tool for modernization and economic development and its heavy reliance on government-led mid- and long-term planning. As a recommendation, an implementation of participatory and community-based foresight is introduced as a foundation for futures studies in Korea. A newly established research institute, the National Assembly Futures Institute, has to be an institutional passage to deliver opinions of the public, a capacity-building platform to increase the citizen’s futures literacy, and a cooperative venue for facilitating a participation and dialogue between politicians, government officials, and researchers.

scholarly journals The Complex History of old age in Pre-Modern and Modern England

2002 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 867-871
Author(s):  
Susannah Ottaway
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Old Age
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