Impact of Music on First Pain and Temporal Summation of Second Pain

Passive music listening has shown its capacity to soothe pain in several clinical and experimental studies. This phenomenon—known as music-induced analgesia—could partly be explained by the modulation of pain signals in response to the stimulation of brain and brainstem centers. We hypothesized that music-induced analgesia may involve inhibitory descending pain systems. We assessed pain-related responses to endogenous pain control mechanisms known to depend on descending pain modulation: peak of first pain (PP), temporal summation (TS), and diffuse noxious inhibitory control (DNIC). Twenty-seven healthy participants (14 men, 13 women) were exposed to a conditioned pain modulation paradigm during a 20-minute relaxing music session and a silence condition. Pain was continually measured with a visual analogue scale. Pain ratings were significantly lower with music listening (p < .02). Repeated measures ANOVA indicated significant differences between conditions within PP and TS (p < .05) but not in DNIC. Those findings suggested that music listening could strengthen components of the inhibitory descending pain pathways operating at the dorsal spinal cord level.

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Spinal cord neural activity of patients with fibromyalgia and healthy controls during temporal summation of pain: an fMRI study

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.00276.2021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 126 (3) ◽

pp. 946-956

Author(s):

Roland Staud ◽

Jeff Boissoneault ◽

Song Lai ◽

Marlin S. Mejia ◽

Riddhi Ramanlal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Chronic Pain ◽

Neural Activity ◽

Central Sensitization ◽

Temporal Summation ◽

Time Course ◽

Pain Modulation ◽

Healthy Controls ◽

Fmri Study ◽

Second Pain

“Windup” and its behavioral correlate “temporal-summation-of-second pain” (TSSP) represent spinal cord mechanisms of pain augmentation associated with central sensitization and chronic pain. Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic pain disorder, where abnormal TSSP has been demonstrated. We used fMRI to study spinal cord and brainstem activation during TSSP. We characterized the time course of spinal cord and brainstem BOLD activity during TSSP which showed abnormal brainstem activity in patients with FM, possibly due to deficient pain modulation.

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Suppression of First Pain and Slow Temporal Summation of Second Pain in Relation to Age

The Journals of Gerontology Series A ◽

10.1093/gerona/51a.5.m260 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 51A (5) ◽

pp. M260-M265 ◽

Cited By ~ 57

Author(s):

S. W. Harkins ◽

M. D. Davis ◽

F. M. Bush ◽

J. Kasberger

Keyword(s):

Temporal Summation ◽

First Pain ◽

Second Pain

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Reliability of Temporal Summation and Diffuse Noxious Inhibitory Control

Pain Research and Management ◽

10.1155/2009/523098 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 14 (6) ◽

pp. 433-438 ◽

Cited By ~ 71

Author(s):

Stuart Cathcart ◽

Anthony H Winefield ◽

Paul Rolan ◽

Kurt Lushington

Keyword(s):

Inhibitory Control ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Temporal Summation ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Interindividual Variation ◽

Mechanical Stimuli ◽

Retest Reliability ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Diffuse Noxious Inhibitory Control ◽

Test Retest Reliability

BACKGROUND: The test-retest reliability of temporal summation (TS) and diffuse noxious inhibitory control (DNIC) has not been reported to date. Establishing such reliability would support the possibility of future experimental studies examining factors affecting TS and DNIC. Similarly, the use of manual algometry to induce TS, or an occlusion cuff to induce DNIC of TS to mechanical stimuli, has not been reported to date. Such devices may offer a simpler method than current techniques for inducing TS and DNIC, affording assessment at more anatomical locations and in more varied research settings.METHOD: The present study assessed the test-retest reliability of TS and DNIC using the above techniques. Sex differences on these measures were also investigated.RESULTS: Repeated measures ANOVA indicated successful induction of TS and DNIC, with no significant differences across test-retest occasions. Sex effects were not significant for any measure or interaction. Intraclass correlations indicated high test-retest reliability for all measures; however, there was large interindividual variation between test and retest measurements.CONCLUSION: The present results indicate acceptable within-session test-retest reliability of TS and DNIC. The results support the possibility of future experimental studies examining factors affecting TS and DNIC.

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Comparison of Thermal and Electrical Modalities in the Assessment of Temporal Summation of Pain and Conditioned Pain Modulation

Frontiers in Pain Research ◽

10.3389/fpain.2021.659563 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

Author(s):

Monica Sean ◽

Alexia Coulombe-Lévêque ◽

Martine Bordeleau ◽

Matthieu Vincenot ◽

Louis Gendron ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Temporal Summation ◽

Cold Pressor Test ◽

Conditioning Stimulus ◽

Cold Pressor ◽

Pain Modulation ◽

Conditioned Pain Modulation ◽

Electrical Nerve Stimulation ◽

Clinical Assessments ◽

Healthy Participants

Temporal summation of pain (TSP) and conditioned pain modulation (CPM) can be measured using a thermode and a cold pressor test (CPT). Unfortunately, these tools are complex, expensive, and are ill-suited for routine clinical assessments. Building on the results from an exploratory study that attempted to use transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) to measure CPM and TSP, the present study assesses whether a “new” TENS protocol can be used instead of the thermode and CPT to measure CPM and TSP. The objective of this study was to compare the thermode/CPT protocol with the new TENS protocol, by (1) measuring the association between the TSP evoked by the two protocols; (2) measuring the association between the CPM evoked by the two protocols; and by (3) assessing whether the two protocols successfully trigger TSP and CPM in a similar number of participants. We assessed TSP and CPM in 50 healthy participants, using our new TENS protocol and a thermode/CPT protocol (repeated measures and randomized order). In the TENS protocol, both the test stimulus (TS) and the conditioning stimulus (CS) were delivered using TENS; in the thermode/CPT protocol, the TS was delivered using a thermode and the CS consisted of a CPT. There was no association between the response evoked by the two protocols, neither for TSP nor for CPM. The number of participants showing TSP [49 with TENS and 29 with thermode (p < 0.001)] and CPM [16 with TENS and 30 with thermode (p = 0.01)] was different in both protocols. Our results suggest that response to one modality does not predict response to the other; as such, TENS cannot be used instead of a thermode/CPT protocol to assess TSP and CPM without significantly affecting the results. Moreover, while at first glance it appears that TENS is more effective than the thermode/CPT protocol to induce TSP, but less so to induce CPM, these results should be interpreted carefully. Indeed, TSP and CPM response appear to be modality-dependent as opposed to an absolute phenomenon, and the two protocols may tap into entirely different mechanisms, especially in the case of TSP.

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Effect of Carnatic Music Listening Training on Speech in Noise Performance in Adults

Journal of Audiology & Otology ◽

10.7874/jao.2020.00255 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 22-26

Author(s):

Raksha Amemane ◽

Archana Gundmi ◽

Kishan Madikeri Mohan

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Functional Organization ◽

Control Group ◽

Music Listening ◽

Noise Performance ◽

Short Term ◽

Speech In Noise ◽

Carnatic Music ◽

Significant Difference ◽

And Control

Background and Objectives: Music listening has a concomitant effect on structural and functional organization of the brain. It helps in relaxation, mind training and neural strengthening. In relation to it, the present study was aimed to find the effect of Carnatic music listening training (MLT) on speech in noise performance in adults.Subjects and Methods: A total of 28 participants (40-70 years) were recruited in the study. Based on randomized control trial, they were divided into intervention and control group. Intervention group underwent a short-term MLT. Quick Speech-in-Noise in Kannada was used as an outcome measure.Results: Results were analysed using mixed method analysis of variance (ANOVA) and repeated measures ANOVA. There was a significant difference between intervention and control group post MLT. The results of the second continuum revealed no statistically significant difference between post training and follow-up scores in both the groups.Conclusions: In conclusion short-term MLT resulted in betterment of speech in noise performance. MLT can be hence used as a viable tool in formal auditory training for better prognosis.

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Development of a novel brief quantitative sensory testing protocol that integrates static and dynamic pain assessments: Test-retest performance in healthy adults

Pain Medicine ◽

10.1093/pm/pnab290 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Martin J De Vita ◽

Katherine Buckheit ◽

Christina E Gilmour ◽

Dezarie Moskal ◽

Stephen A Maisto

Keyword(s):

Quantitative Sensory Testing ◽

Temporal Summation ◽

Pain Threshold ◽

Pain Modulation ◽

Healthy Adults ◽

Dynamic Responses ◽

Conditioned Pain Modulation ◽

Sensory Testing ◽

Contact Heat ◽

Intraclass Correlations

Abstract Objective Quantitative sensory testing is an expanding pain research domain with numerous clinical and research applications. There is a recognized need for brief reliable quantitative sensory testing protocols that enhance assessment feasibility. This study aimed to integrate static (pain threshold, tolerance, suprathreshold) and dynamic (conditioned pain modulation, offset analgesia, temporal summation) pain reactivity measures into a brief 20-minute protocol that uses a single portable device. The test-retest performance of this optimized protocol was evaluated. Design Using a test-retest design, the brief quantitative sensory testing assessment was administered to participants on two occasions separated by exactly 7 days. Setting A clinical psychology research laboratory at Syracuse University. Subjects Participants were 33 healthy adults recruited from Syracuse University’s online research participation pool. Methods A portable computerized quantitative sensory testing device delivered contact-heat pain to assess static and dynamic pain measures in participants. Dynamic responses were continuously recorded using a computerized visual analog scale. Results Pain threshold, tolerance, and suprathreshold exhibited excellent reliability (intraclass correlations ranged from 0.80 to 0.83). Conditioned pain modulation, offset analgesia, temporal summation yielded reliability in the good to excellent range (intraclass correlations ranged from 0.66 to 0.71). Conclusions Findings suggested that this brief integrated QST protocol may reliably monitor human pain reactivity over brief periods. This protocol may enhance quantitative sensory testing feasibility in clinical and research settings.

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Psychophysiologic responses of mechanically ventilated patients to music: a pilot study

American Journal of Critical Care ◽

10.4037/ajcc1995.4.3.233 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 233-238 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

LL Chlan

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Respiratory Rate ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Mood States ◽

Profile Of Mood States ◽

Music Listening ◽

Mechanically Ventilated ◽

Mechanically Ventilated Patients ◽

Over Time ◽

Ventilated Patients

BACKGROUND: Although mechanically ventilated patients experience numerous stressors, they have not been included in music therapy stress reduction and relaxation studies. OBJECTIVE: To examine selected psychophysiologic responses of mechanically ventilated patients to music. METHODS: A two-group experimental design with pretest, posttest, and repeated measures was used. Twenty mechanically ventilated patients were randomized to a music-listening group or a nonmusic (headphones only) group. Physiologic dependent measures--heart rate and rhythm, respiratory rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, oxygen saturation, and airway pressure--were collected at timed intervals. Psychologic data were collected before and after intervention using the Profile of Mood States. RESULTS: Using repeated measures analysis of variance, results for heart rate and respiratory rate over time and over time between groups were significant. Between-group differences were significant for respiratory rate. Significant differences were found via t test for the music group's Profile of Mood States scores. No adverse cardiovascular responses were noted for either group. CONCLUSIONS: Data indicated that music listening decreased heart rate, respiratory rate, and Profile of Mood States scores, indicating relaxation and mood improvement.

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