UPTAKE OF OXYTOCIN IN TISSUES AFTER INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION OF TRITIATED OXYTOCIN IN RATS

1969 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 432-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingvar Sjöholm ◽  
Gunnar Rydén
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Distribution Pattern ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Intravenous Administration ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Preferential Distribution ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Initial Uptake

ABSTRACT The distribution of oxytocin in the kidneys, liver, uterus and skeletal muscle of the rat was followed during 10 min after intravenous injection of tritium labelled oxytocin. Oxytocin was found to be taken up and degraded mainly in the kidneys and the liver. After 150 seconds no intact oxytocin could be detected in these organs. The time course of the distribution of the radioactivity in the liver and the skeletal muscle showed no noteworthy characteristics, whereas a different course was found in the kidneys and in the uterus. In the kidneys, the radioactivity increased continuously from 60 to 200 seconds after the injection, indicating an accumulation of oxytocin or its metabolites in the kidneys. In the uterus a high initial uptake was observed, followed by a decrease of the radioactivity from 60 to 100 seconds after the injection. This distribution pattern was specific to oxytocin, since the uptake of tritiated tyrosine and tritiated water was almost constant during the same time period. These findings may indicate a preferential distribution of oxytocin to the uterus.

scholarly journals Cellular and molecular responses to increased skeletal muscle loading after irradiation

2002 ◽  
Vol 283 (4) ◽  
pp. C1182-C1195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory R. Adams ◽  
Vincent J. Caiozzo ◽  
Fadia Haddad ◽  
Kenneth M. Baldwin
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Compensatory Hypertrophy ◽  
Cell Populations ◽  
Molecular Responses ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Muscle Loading ◽  
Stem Cell Populations ◽  
Over Time

Irradiation of rat skeletal muscles before increased loading has been shown to prevent compensatory hypertrophy for periods of up to 4 wk, possibly by preventing satellite cells from proliferating and providing new myonuclei. Recent work suggested that stem cell populations exist that might allow irradiated muscles to eventually hypertrophy over time. We report that irradiation essentially prevented hypertrophy in rat muscles subjected to 3 mo of functional overload (OL-Ir). The time course and magnitude of changes in cellular and molecular markers of anabolic and myogenic responses were similar in the OL-Ir and the contralateral nonirradiated, overloaded (OL) muscles for the first 3–7 days. These markers then returned to control levels in OL-Ir muscles while remaining elevated in OL muscles. The number of myonuclei and amount of DNA were increased markedly in OL but not OL-Ir muscles. Thus it appears that stem cells were not added to the irradiated muscles in this time period. These data are consistent with the theory that the addition of new myonuclei may be required for compensatory hypertrophy in the rat.

EARLY VARIATIONS OF PLASMA CORTISOL AFTER PULSE INTRAVENOUS INJECTION OF DIBUTYRYL CYCLIC ADENOSINE 3′,5′-MONOPHOSPHATE IN NORMAL SUBJECTS

1973 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 753-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Angeli ◽  
Giuseppe Boccuzzi ◽  
Roberto Frajria ◽  
Daniela Bisbocci ◽  
Franco Ceresa
Keyword(s):  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Healthy Adult ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Healthy Women ◽  
Adrenal Steroidogenesis ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Zero Time

ABSTRACT 10 mg/kg of dibutyryl cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (Db-cAMP) was iv pulse injected into twelve healthy adult women. The plasma cortisol levels were determined as 11-OHCS at zero time and then at 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 30, 60 and 180 min after the injection. The data were compared with those obtained at the corresponding times in two groups of eleven and seventeen healthy women after the injection of 250 ng and 250 μg of synthetic β-1-24 corticotrophin performed in the same manner as the injection of the nucleotide. The mean increments in plasma cortisol were significantly lower after Db-cAMP than after ACTH. Differences were noted by analyzing the time course of the responses. In the case of stimulation with Db-cAMP the 11-OHCS levels rose progressively to a maximum at 15–30 min. By contrast, a peak of plasma cortisol was evident in most cases within a few min after the injection of ACTH; after a fall, a later rise was then observed starting from 15 min. The differences in the plasma 11-OHCS responses after the two stimuli may also be of interest clinically for the investigation of some aspects of adrenal steroidogenesis.

scholarly journals A Time-Course Comparison of Skeletal Muscle Metabolomic Alterations in Walker-256 Tumour-Bearing Rats at Different Stages of Life

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 404
Author(s):  
Gabriela de Matuoka e Chiocchetti ◽  
Leisa Lopes-Aguiar ◽  
Natália Angelo da Silva Miyaguti ◽  
Lais Rosa Viana ◽  
Carla de Moraes Salgado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Cancer Cachexia ◽  
Tumour Bearing ◽  
Walker 256 Tumour ◽  
Walker 256 ◽  
Muscle Changes ◽  
The Right ◽  
Biomarker Research ◽  
Host Metabolism

Cancer cachexia is a severe wasting condition that needs further study to find ways to minimise the effects of damage and poor prognosis. Skeletal muscle is the most impacted tissue in cancer cachexia; thus, elucidation of its metabolic alterations could provide a direct clue for biomarker research and be applied to detect this syndrome earlier. In addition, concerning the significant changes in the host metabolism across life, this study aimed to compare the metabolic muscle changes in cachectic tumour-bearing hosts at different ages. We performed 1H-NMR metabolomics in the gastrocnemius muscle in weanling and young adult Walker-256 tumour-bearing rats at different stages of tumour evolution (initial, intermediate, and advanced). Among the 49 metabolites identified, 24 were significantly affected throughout tumour evolution and 21 were significantly affected regarding animal age. The altered metabolites were mainly related to increased amino acid levels and changed energetic metabolism in the skeletal muscle, suggesting an expressive catabolic process and diverted energy production, especially in advanced tumour stages in both groups. Moreover, these changes were more severe in weanling hosts throughout tumour evolution, suggesting the distinct impact of cancer cachexia regarding the host’s age, highlighting the need to adopting the right animal age when studying cancer cachexia.

Time course of skeletal muscle loss and oxidative stress in rats with walker 256 solid tumor

2010 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 950-958 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flávia A. Guarnier ◽  
Alessandra L. Cecchini ◽  
Andréia A. Suzukawa ◽  
Ana Leticia G.C. Maragno ◽  
Andréa N.C. Simão ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Solid Tumor ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Muscle Loss ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Loss ◽  
Walker 256 ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

Pulsatile Pressure and Flow in the Skeletal Muscle Microcirculation

1990 ◽  
Vol 112 (4) ◽  
pp. 437-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shou-Yan Lee ◽  
G. W. Schmid-Scho¨nbein
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Venous Pressure ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Physiological Importance ◽  
Pulsatile Pressure ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Microcirculation

Although blood flow in the microcirculation of the rat skeletal muscle has negligible inertia forces with very low Reynolds number and Womersley parameter, time-dependent pressure and flow variations can be observed. Such phenomena include, for example, arterial flow overshoot following a step arterial pressure, a gradual arterial pressure reduction for a step flow, or hysteresis between pressure and flow when a pulsatile pressure is applied. Arterial and venous flows do not follow the same time course during such transients. A theoretical analysis is presented for these phenomena using a microvessel with distensible viscoelastic walls and purely viscous flow subject to time variant arterial pressures. The results indicate that the vessel distensibility plays an important role in such time-dependent microvascular flow and the effects are of central physiological importance during normal muscle perfusion. In-vivo whole organ pressure-flow data in the dilated rat gracilis muscle agree in the time course with the theoretical predictions. Hemodynamic impedances of the skeletal muscle microcirculation are investigated for small arterial and venous pressure amplitudes superimposed on an initial steady flow and pressure drop along the vessel.

Differential patterns of transcript accumulation during human myogenesis

1987 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 4100-4114
Author(s):  
P Gunning ◽  
E Hardeman ◽  
R Wade ◽  
P Ponte ◽  
W Bains ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Carbonic Anhydrase ◽  
Myosin Heavy Chain ◽  
Heavy Chain ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Human Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Transcript Accumulation ◽  
Mrna Accumulation ◽  
Adult Human ◽  
Alpha Actin

We evaluated the extent to which muscle-specific genes display identical patterns of mRNA accumulation during human myogenesis. Cloned satellite cells isolated from adult human skeletal muscle were expanded in culture, and RNA was isolated from low- and high-confluence cells and from fusing cultures over a 15-day time course. The accumulation of over 20 different transcripts was compared in these samples with that in fetal and adult human skeletal muscle. The expression of carbonic anhydrase 3, myoglobin, HSP83, and mRNAs encoding eight unknown proteins were examined in human myogenic cultures. In general, the expression of most of the mRNAs was induced after fusion to form myotubes. However, several exceptions, including carbonic anhydrase and myoglobin, showed no detectable expression in early myotubes. Comparison of all transcripts demonstrated little, if any, identity of mRNA accumulation patterns. Similar variability was also seen for mRNAs which were also expressed in nonmuscle cells. Accumulation of mRNAs encoding alpha-skeletal, alpha-cardiac, beta- and gamma-actin, total myosin heavy chain, and alpha- and beta-tubulin also displayed discordant regulation, which has important implications for sarcomere assembly. Cardiac actin was the only muscle-specific transcript that was detected in low-confluency cells and was the major alpha-actin mRNA at all times in fusing cultures. Skeletal actin was transiently induced in fusing cultures and then reduced by an order of magnitude. Total myosin heavy-chain mRNA accumulation lagged behind that of alpha-actin. Whereas beta- and gamma-actin displayed a sharp decrease after initiation of fusion and thereafter did not change, alpha- and beta-tubulin were transiently induced to a high level during the time course in culture. We conclude that each gene may have its own unique determinants of transcript accumulation and that the phenotype of a muscle may not be determined so much by which genes are active or silent but rather by the extent to which their transcript levels are modulated. Finally, we observed that patterns of transcript accumulation established within the myotube cultures were consistent with the hypothesis that myoblasts isolated from adult tissue recapitulate a myogenic developmental program. However, we also detected a transient appearance of adult skeletal muscle-specific transcripts in high-confluence myoblast cultures. This indicates that the initial differentiation of these myoblasts may reflect a more complex process than simple recapitulation of development.

Quantification of incorporation of [15N]ammonia into plasma amino acids and urea

1995 ◽  
Vol 269 (3) ◽  
pp. E508-E515 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. W. Patterson ◽  
F. Carraro ◽  
S. Klein ◽  
R. R. Wolfe
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Distribution Pattern ◽  
Intravenous Administration ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Relative Distribution ◽  
Plasma Amino Acids ◽  
Plasma Component ◽  
Initial Appearance ◽  
Preferential Incorporation

The incorporation of 15N into individual plasma amino acids and urea was quantified in five human subjects who received 15NH4Cl either orally or intravenously for 6 h. After oral tracer administration, the highest enrichment was achieved by arginine, followed by urea and glutamine; distribution of 15N within glutamine was 55% amide and 45% amino N. Glutamine achieved the highest enrichment after the intravenous administration of tracer, with a distribution of 92% amide and 8% amino N. The relative distribution pattern of 15N incorporation was quantified from the rate at which 15N initially appeared in each plasma component. Amino acids (especially arginine, glutamine, and glutamate) accounted for greater than one-half (54%) of the orally administered tracer that was initially recovered in plasma components, compared with 46% initial appearance for urea; for the intravenous tracer, amino acids accounted for 78% of initial appearance of tracer compared with 22% for urea. Our results highlight the involvement of the splanchnic bed in the utilization of orally administered ammonia (preferential incorporation of oral tracer into arginine, urea, glutamate, and the amino N of glutamine) in contrast to the preferential incorporation of systemically administered ammonia into the amide N of glutamine and alanine.

scholarly journals Biosynthesis of titin in cultured skeletal muscle cells.

1989 ◽  
Vol 109 (5) ◽  
pp. 2189-2195 ◽  
Author(s):  
W B Isaacs ◽  
I S Kim ◽  
A Struve ◽  
A B Fulton
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Cells ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Cells ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Large Protein ◽  
Time Period ◽  
And Function ◽  
Triton X ◽  
Developing Muscle ◽  
Synchronized Cultures

Although significant progress has been made regarding the structure and function of titin, little data exist on the biosynthesis of this large protein in developing muscle. Using pulse-labeling with [35S]methionine and immunoprecipitation with an anti-titin mAb, we have examined the biosynthesis of titin in synchronized cultures of skeletal muscle cells derived from day 12 chicken embryos. We find that: (a) titin synthesis increases greater than 4-fold during the first week in culture and during this same time period, synthesis of muscle-specific myosin heavy chain increases greater than 12-fold; (b) newly synthesized titin has a t1/2 of approximately 70 h; (c) titin is resistant to extraction with Triton X-100 both during and immediately after its synthesis. These observations suggest that newly synthesized titin molecules are stable proteins that rapidly associate with the cytoskeleton of developing myotubes.

scholarly journals The post-translational processing of chromogranin A in the pancreatic islet: involvement of the eukaryote subtilisin PC2

1994 ◽  
Vol 298 (3) ◽  
pp. 521-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
S D Arden ◽  
N G Rutherford ◽  
P C Guest ◽  
W J Curry ◽  
E M Bailyes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secretory Granule ◽  
Pancreatic Islet ◽  
Pancreatic Beta Cells ◽  
Chromogranin A ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Deae Cellulose ◽  
Neuroendocrine Cells ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Sds Page

The post-translational processing of chromogranin A (CGA) and the nature of the enzyme(s) involved were investigated in rat pancreatic islet and insulinoma tissue. Pulse-chase radiolabelling experiments using sequence-specific antisera showed that the 98 kDa (determined by SDS/PAGE) precursor was processed to an N-terminal 21 kDa peptide, a C-terminal 14 kDa peptide and a 45 kDa centrally located peptide with a rapid time course (t1/2 approx. 30 min) after an initial delay of 30-60 min. The 45 kDa peptide was, in turn, converted partially into a 5 kDa peptide with pancreastatin immunoreactivity and a 3 kDa peptide with WE-14 immunoreactivity over a longer time period. Incubation of bovine CGA with rat insulinoma secretory-granule lysate produced peptides of 18, 16 and 40 kDa via intermediates of 65 and 55 kDa. N-terminal sequence analysis indicated that cleavage occurred at the conserved paired basic sites Lys114-Arg115 and Lys330-Arg331, suggesting that cleavage of the equivalent sites (Lys129-Arg130 and Lys357-Arg358) in the rat molecule produced the initial post-translational products observed in intact pancreatic beta-cells. The enzyme activity responsible for the cleavage of bovine CGA co-chromatographed on DEAE-cellulose with the type-2 proinsulin endopeptidase and with PC2 immunoreactivity. The type-1 enzyme (PC1/3) appeared inactive towards CGA. The requirement for Ca2+ ions and an acidic pH for conversion was consistent with the involvement of a member of the eukaryote subtilisin family, and the composition of the released peptides in pulse-chase and secretion studies suggested that conversion occurred in the secretory-granule compartment. The overall catalytic rate as well as the relative susceptibilities of the Lys114-Arg115 and Lys330-Arg331 sites to cleavage were affected by pH, suggesting that the ionic environment of the processing compartment may play a role in the differential processing of CGA which is evident in various neuroendocrine cells.

Effect of diabetes and insulin treatment of diabetic rats on total RNA, poly(A)+ RNA, and mRNA in skeletal muscle

1991 ◽  
Vol 260 (3) ◽  
pp. C409-C416 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Kent ◽  
S. R. Kimball ◽  
L. S. Jefferson
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Ribosomal Rna ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
In Vitro Translation ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Insulin Administration ◽  
Tissue Mass ◽  
Total Rna

We have assessed the time course of alterations in several biochemical parameters and expression of specific mRNAs in gastrocnemius muscle following both the induction of diabetes and the administration of insulin to diabetic rats. Muscle mass, total RNA, and total protein were reduced, whereas poly(A)+ RNA relative to total RNA was increased following the induction of diabetes. All the above parameters, with the exception of poly(A)+ RNA, were reciprocally and rapidly altered following administration of insulin to 3-day diabetic animals. These changes suggest that during the induction of diabetes 1) total cellular protein is reduced at a rate that is less than the reduction in gastrocnemius mass, whereas RNA is reduced at a rate 1.5 times the reduction in tissue mass, and 2) poly(A)+ RNA is elevated relative to total RNA. After insulin administration, there appears to be coordinate synthesis of both poly(A)+ RNA and ribosomal RNA, assuming 85% of total RNA is ribosomal. Therefore, we conclude that poly(A)+ RNA is more stable than ribosomal RNA during diabetes, whereas the amounts of poly(A)+ RNA and ribosomal RNA are increased at the same rates following insulin administration to diabetic animals. Analysis of expression of specific gene products over the same time course, as assessed by in vitro translation of total RNA followed by two-dimensional gel analysis, suggests that there are a few mRNAs that are very rapidly altered in response to insulin administration. The mRNAs that are altered demonstrate variable temporal patterns of either repression or full or transient expression. These rapid, but limited, alterations in gene expression may prove important in the development of the defects that occur in skeletal muscle in response to diabetes.

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