scholarly journals Adrenarche in bonobos (Pan paniscus): evidence from ontogenetic changes in urinary dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate levels

2012 ◽  
Vol 214 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verena Behringer ◽  
Gottfried Hohmann ◽  
Jeroen M G Stevens ◽  
Anja Weltring ◽  
Tobias Deschner
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Pan Paniscus ◽  
Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate ◽  
Evolutionary Origin ◽  
Behavioral Characteristics ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Ontogenetic Changes ◽  
Behavioral Traits ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Timing Of Onset

Adrenarche is characterized by the onset of adrenal secretions of increasing amounts of dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEA-S). While the function of adrenarche remains a matter of speculation, evidence suggests that the morphological and physiological changes related to it are restricted to humans and closely related primates. Within the primate order, adrenarche has been described only in humans and chimpanzees, but bonobos, the sister species of chimpanzees, have not yet been studied regarding the early ontogenetic changes such as adrenarche. While bonobos and chimpanzees share many morphological and behavioral characteristics, they differ in a number of behavioral traits, and there is a growing interest in terms of the physiological differences that can be linked to species-specific patterns of social behavior. In this study, we measured urinary DHEA-S levels to determine whether bonobos experience physiological changes that are indicative of adrenarche. We measured DHEA-S in urine using ELISA and analyzed its levels in the samples from 53 bonobos aged 1–18 years. Our results show that bonobos experience an increase in DHEA-S levels after 5 years of age, which is comparable with the patterns observed in humans and chimpanzees. This indicates that bonobos do undergo adrenarche and that the timing of onset is similar to that of the two Pan species. The extraction procedures described in this report demonstrate the use of urine for monitoring ontogenetic changes in DHEA-S excretion. If applicable to other species, the technique would facilitate more research on the evolutionary origin of adrenarche and other developmental processes.

Evolutionary origin of the cell nucleus and its functional architecture

2010 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Postberg ◽  
Hans J. Lipps ◽  
Thomas Cremer
Keyword(s):  
Cell Nucleus ◽  
Interdisciplinary Research ◽  
Nuclear Organization ◽  
Nuclear Architecture ◽  
Evolutionary Origin ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Research Strategies ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
The Impact

Understanding the evolutionary origin of the nucleus and its compartmentalized architecture provides a huge but, as expected, greatly rewarding challenge in the post-genomic era. We start this chapter with a survey of current hypotheses on the evolutionary origin of the cell nucleus. Thereafter, we provide an overview of evolutionarily conserved features of chromatin organization and arrangements, as well as topographical aspects of DNA replication and transcription, followed by a brief introduction of current models of nuclear architecture. In addition to features which may possibly apply to all eukaryotes, the evolutionary plasticity of higher-order nuclear organization is reflected by cell-type- and species-specific features, by the ability of nuclear architecture to adapt to specific environmental demands, as well as by the impact of aberrant nuclear organization on senescence and human disease. We conclude this chapter with a reflection on the necessity of interdisciplinary research strategies to map epigenomes in space and time.

scholarly journals Social behavior shapes the chimpanzee pan-microbiome

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. e1500997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew H. Moeller ◽  
Steffen Foerster ◽  
Michael L. Wilson ◽  
Anne E. Pusey ◽  
Beatrice H. Hahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Microbial Diversity ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
Microbial Associations ◽  
Successive Generations ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Gut Microorganisms

Animal sociality facilitates the transmission of pathogenic microorganisms among hosts, but the extent to which sociality enables animals’ beneficial microbial associations is poorly understood. The question is critical because microbial communities, particularly those in the gut, are key regulators of host health. We show evidence that chimpanzee social interactions propagate microbial diversity in the gut microbiome both within and between host generations. Frequent social interaction promotes species richness within individual microbiomes as well as homogeneity among the gut community memberships of different chimpanzees. Sampling successive generations across multiple chimpanzee families suggests that infants inherited gut microorganisms primarily through social transmission. These results indicate that social behavior generates a pan-microbiome, preserving microbial diversity across evolutionary time scales and contributing to the evolution of host species–specific gut microbial communities.

scholarly journals Dopamine pathway is highly diverged in primate species that differ markedly in social behavior

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (22) ◽  
pp. 6178-6181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina M. Bergey ◽  
Jane E. Phillips-Conroy ◽  
Todd R. Disotell ◽  
Clifford J. Jolly
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Complex Traits ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Social Behaviors ◽  
System Structure ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
The Social ◽  
Mating Opportunities ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Genomic Regions

In the endeavor to associate genetic variation with complex traits, closely related taxa are particularly fruitful for understanding the neurophysiological and genetic underpinnings of species-specific attributes. Similarity to humans has motivated research into nonhuman primate models, yet few studies of wild primates have investigated immediate causal factors of evolutionarily diverged social behaviors. Neurotransmitter differences have been invoked to explain the distinct behavioral suites of two baboon species in Awash, Ethiopia, which differ markedly in social behavior despite evolutionary propinquity. With this natural experiment, we test the hypothesis that genomic regions associated with monoamine neurotransmitters would be highly differentiated, and we identify a dopamine pathway as an outlier, highlighting the system as a potential cause of species-specific social behaviors. Dopamine levels and resultant variation in impulsivity were likely under differential selection in the species due to social system structure differences, with either brash or circumspect social behavior advantageous to secure mating opportunities depending on the social backdrop. Such comparative studies into the causes of the behavioral agendas that create and interact with social systems are of particular interest, and differences in temperament related to boldness and associated with dopamine variation likely played important roles in the evolution of all social, behaviorally complex animals, including baboons and humans.

scholarly journals Influence of inter-individual distance on grooming interaction in captive chimpanzees and bonobos

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morgane Allanic ◽  
Satoshi Hirata ◽  
Misato Hayashi ◽  
Tetsuro Matsuzawa
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Pan Paniscus ◽  
Temporal Organization ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Social Tolerance ◽  
Focal Animal ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Individual Distance ◽  
Species Specific

The spatial organization of a set of individuals may reflect the underlying relationships between them. This study investigated whether inter-individual distance, or the proximity between a pair of individuals, predicts the patterns of grooming interactions. The subjects were twelve chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes; M = 2, F = 10; age: mean = 34.8, range = 25-45) and six bonobos (Pan paniscus; M = 2, F = 4; age: mean = 27.3, range = 13-44) studied since September 2015 and living at Kumamoto Sanctuary (Japan). Proximity, time in contact, and time at less than one meter of all group members were recorded using focal animal sampling. The full temporal organization of grooming patterns was analyzed after ad libitum video records of the interactions. A pair of individuals that spends more time in close proximity was predicted to (i) show a shorter latency to approach before the onset of grooming, (ii) groom sensitive body parts (e.g. face and genitals) more often, and (iii) take turns in grooming more frequently than two individuals that stay far from each other. The results may suggest species-specific or relationship-dependent social tolerance, reflected in both inter-individual distance and patterns of grooming.

scholarly journals The Impact of Founder’s Financial Behavior Traits and Literacy on SMEs Performance: Empirical Evidence from SMEs in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 671-687
Author(s):  
Nakita Gusman ◽  
Subiakto Soekarno ◽  
Isti Raafaldini Mirzanti
Keyword(s):  
Financial Literacy ◽  
Multivariate Regression Analysis ◽  
Financial Behavior ◽  
Behavioral Characteristics ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Behavioral Traits ◽  
Self Knowledge ◽  
Development Evaluation ◽  
Rate Of Failure ◽  
The Impact

This research focuses on the SMEs development evaluation of the impact of founder’s financial behavior, measured by behavioral characteristics of CEOs capacity for self-awareness, planning, and patience, also their knowledge about financial understanding which affect the ability to manage their performance of SMEs. The purpose of this research is to analyze and reduce the rate of failure of SMEs in Indonesia by pursuing the defined determinants from their behavioral traits and self-knowledge on financial understanding in decision making. This study uses a survey conducted across Indonesia, mainly on Java island, with the sample size of 482 SMEs. This research uses multivariate regression analysis as a tool for measuring the impact of founder’s financial behavior variables and financial literacy variable for SMEs performance as a dependent variable. DOI: 10.26905/jkdp.v25i3.5142

scholarly journals Predator cues alter the timing of developmental events in gastropod embryos

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon D. Rundle ◽  
J. J. Smirthwaite ◽  
M. W. Colbert ◽  
J. I. Spicer
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Predator Cues ◽  
Evolutionary Pattern ◽  
Event Timing ◽  
Developmental Sequences ◽  
Radix Balthica ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Radix Auricularia ◽  
Timing Of Onset ◽  
Egg Capsule

Heterochrony, differences in the timing of developmental events between descendent species and their ancestors, is a pervasive evolutionary pattern. However, the origins of such timing changes are still not resolved. Here we show, using sequence analysis, that exposure to predator cues altered the timing of onset of several developmental events in embryos of two closely related gastropod species: Radix balthica and Radix auricularia . These timing alterations were limited to certain events and were species-specific. Compared with controls, over half (62%) of exposed R. auricularia embryos had a later onset of body flexing and an earlier occurrence of the eyes and the heart; in R. balthica , 67 per cent of exposed embryos showed a later occurrence of mantle muscle flexing and an earlier attachment to, and crawling on, the egg capsule wall. The resultant developmental sequences in treated embryos converged, and were more similar to one another than were the sequences of the controls for both species. We conclude that biotic agents can elicit altered event timing in developing gastropod embryos. These changes were species-specific, but did not occur in all individuals. Such developmental plasticity in the timing of developmental events could be an important step in generating interspecific heterochrony.

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