Related Party Transactions, Family Ownership, and Earnings Management in Indonesia

The purpose of earnings management practice is to reach the profit goals the company wants to achieve. Therefore, this study aims to determine the relationship between related party transactions and earnings management in Indonesia by balanced panel data from consumer goods companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2017 to 2019. The number of samples used in this study was 102 firm-year observations. The results showed that related party transactions positively and significantly improved corporate earnings management, with discretionary accrual as a proxy. The presence of family ownership strengthens the relationship between related party transactions and earnings management. Also, it shows that the control variable: public accountant from BIG4, company size, company losses, and ROA affect accrual earnings management. The leverage does not affect accrual earnings management. The study result indicates that family business ownership encourages an entrenchment effect that is detrimental to the company. It is carried out through related party transactions then manipulated by using accrual earnings management practices.DOI: 10.26905/jkdp.v25i3.5778

Internal Factors Affecting Commercial Bank Lending: Symmetric and Asymmetric Effects of Macro-Level Data Evidence

The purpose of this study is to estimate the symmetric and asymmetric effects of internal factors on bank lending measured by loan to deposit ratio (LDR). The analysis model applies the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and nonlinear ARDL models. The data analyzed are monthly time series and cover the period of 2012M01 – 2020M06. The contribution of this research is the provision of empirical evidence of the asymmetric effect of internal bank performance on bank lending at the macro-level data. The results show that the non-performing loan (NPL) is a consistent and robust variable that has a negative effect on bank lending both in the short and long run, both symmetrically and asymmetrically. The capital adequacy ratio (CAR) positively affects bank lending when it decreases in the long run. Operating expense to operating income (OEOI) has a negative effect only in the short run, assuming symmetric and asymmetric effects. The liquid assets ratio (LAR) has a negative effect on bank lending when it increases both in the short and long run. The banking supervisory agency needs to consistently supervise and enforce regulations effectively related to bank soundness, especially those concerning increasing performing loans, strengthening the capital structure, and improving efficiency.DOI: 10.26905/jkdp.v25i3.5760

Market Structure, Income Diversity, and Stability: Empirical Study of Banking Industry Indonesia

Banking as an intermediary institution has an essential role in the world of economy. Apart from providing financing to the real sector, banks currently still dominate the Indonesian financial system with an asset share of 77.25%. Based on the existing conditions, Indonesia's banking market is still dominated by several banks, especially in the BUKU 4 bank group. This is to indicate a bank of Indonesia is generally still facing relatively low competition. In addition, the large concentration makes it necessary for banks to divert their main activities by diversifying into non-traditional activities in carrying out their operations. This study aims to analyze how the market competition in Indonesia during the period 2014-2019 and examine the effect of competition and diversification income on stable banks. The panzer rosse model is used to analyze the market structure; for diversification, this research uses calculations with the Herfindahl Hirshman Index while stability uses two risk measures, namely NPL and Z Score, as a proxy for stability. The results show that, in general, the banking industry is under monopolistic competition. Competition has a significant effect on stability banks as measured through NPL risk, and this research supports the competition-fragility paradigm. A meanwhile, diversification income variables have not to effect on stability.DOI: 10.26905/jkdp.v25i3.5887

The Effect of Tax Risk on Tax Avoidance

This research intends to investigate whether tax risk is associated with tax avoidance, which is proxied by Cash Effective Tax Rate (CETR). Tax risk is measured by six tax risk components: transactional risk, compliance risk, operational risk, financial accounting risk, managerial risk, and reputational risk. The samples in this research are manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange (IDX). With a purposive sampling method, there are 168 firm years which we analyzed with OLS regression. The result in this study showed that tax risk is positively associated with CETR. It implied that choices of tax strategies and activities are involved in high tax risk, but firms still choose to comply with tax regulations, which can be seen in high CETR values. This research found that firms need tax risk management to ensure that tax strategies do not impact the firms’ future losses from additional tax payments and fines. Other than that, this research gives a new option for future researchers to measure tax risk using scoring methods and indicators that are engaged in each of the tax risk components.DOI: 10.26905/jkdp.v25i3.5629

The Impact of Founder’s Financial Behavior Traits and Literacy on SMEs Performance: Empirical Evidence from SMEs in Indonesia

This research focuses on the SMEs development evaluation of the impact of founder’s financial behavior, measured by behavioral characteristics of CEOs capacity for self-awareness, planning, and patience, also their knowledge about financial understanding which affect the ability to manage their performance of SMEs. The purpose of this research is to analyze and reduce the rate of failure of SMEs in Indonesia by pursuing the defined determinants from their behavioral traits and self-knowledge on financial understanding in decision making. This study uses a survey conducted across Indonesia, mainly on Java island, with the sample size of 482 SMEs. This research uses multivariate regression analysis as a tool for measuring the impact of founder’s financial behavior variables and financial literacy variable for SMEs performance as a dependent variable. DOI: 10.26905/jkdp.v25i3.5142

The Effect of Firm Profitability on Expected Stock Return in ASEAN Stock Market

This research discusses and analyzes the company's profitability related to the company's stock return performance Profitability of the firm is related to the firm's performance of stock return. This study uses time-series data with a total sample of 1,010 firms from five countries in ASEAN (Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, and Vietnam) from January 2010 to December 2019. Fama-French 3 factor model based on two different profitability showed that profitability positively affects the stock return in ASEAN markets. Fama-MacBeth's (1973) regression confirms that firm profitability scaled by operating profit-to-equity or operating profit-to-assets positively influences expected stock returns in the ASEAN market.DOI: 10.26905/jkdp.v25i3.5598

The Impact of Gold Price and Us Dollar Index: The Volatile Case of Shanghai Stock Exchange and Bombay Stock Exchange During the Crisis of Covid-19

This literature aims to analyze the impact of the Dollar Index and Gold Price returns and volatility on stock market volatility of India and China, viz., Shanghai Stock Exchange and Bombay Stock Exchange Sensex, during the period of Covid-19. This study employs daily time-series data from January up to August for 2019, 2020, and a merged data of 2019-2020, i.e., Pre-Pandemic, Mid-Pandemic and Pre through Mid-Pandemic periods, respectively; to avoid possible abnormalities and heteroscedasticity, the GARCH (1,1) model is utilized to scrutinize the data depending on which distribution is more acceptable, GED or Gaussian, which is decided based on the Unit-Root and normality test results. The findings of this study prove that Gold Price mostly does have a significant effect on both markets, especially during times of financial crisis like the Covid-19 epidemic. Whereas Dollar Index has a significant impact on emerging markets such as India and China though significant effects persist in some cases, it is not valid in most cases.DOI: 10.26905/jkdp.v25i3.5142

CSR Disclosures: Role and Relationship to Accounting Conservatism in Improving Earnings of Quality

Several research issues argue, in general, companies that focus and are oriented towards the implementation of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). It is relative to accounting conservatism to suppress information asymmetry and/or managerial opportunism to provide higher quality earnings information as a reflection of the actual condition of the company. This study was conducted to look at the effect of CSR disclosure on earnings quality by adding accounting conservatism as a mediating variable. This study uses path analysis techniques in 90 manufacturing companies for an observation period of 4 (four) periods from 2016 to 2019. The results of this study indicate that CSR disclosure influences Accounting Conservatism. Then, CSR affects earnings quality. Furthermore, earnings quality is influenced by accounting conservatism, and finally, CSR disclosure does not affect earnings quality according to accounting conservatism. CSR Disclosure, Accounting Conservatism, Earnings Quality.DOI: 10.26905/jkdp.v25i3.5030

Board Structure Problem in Aviation Companies: The Relationship of Political Connection and Multiple Directorship on Firm Performance

This study analyzes the relationship between the political connection and multiple directorships of aviation companies’ board members and their firm performance. This research will focus on companies in the aviation sector on a broader subsector than previous studies. It will help the shareholder of the aviation companies determine board structure policies and evaluate the implementations conducted so far. This research uses descriptive statistics and regression analysis for the panel data model. Moreover, this study uses a purposive sampling technique secondary data from the aviation company’s annual reports in the Asia continent for the 2016-2020 period. The results show that the multiple directorships negatively affect firm performance in aviation companies while the board’s political connections positively affect firm performance, measured by its Return on Equity (ROE). In contrast, the multiple directorships and political connections do not impact aviation companies' firm performance measured by their Return on Assets (ROA). Overall, this study in the Asia continent asserts the previous study where the political connection positively affects the airline’s firm performance in the US. The result can support the corporate governance practice of deciding board structure in the aviation sectors in Asia in terms of political connection and multiple directorships.DOI: 10.26905/jkdp.v25i3.5892

Financial Distress Prediction in Infrastructure, Utilities, and Transportation Sector Companies 2015-2020

This research is based on financial distress or financial distress, which negatively impacts the company, marked by its inability to fulfill its obligations at maturity. This phenomenon can be an early warning related to further problems, and financial distress can be overcome by predicting as early as possible. This prediction is essential for management and company owners to anticipate potential bankruptcy. The formulations in this study include whether inflation affects predicting financial distress in companies in the Infrastructure, Utilities, and Transportation sectors listed on the IDX for the 2015-2020 period. And Whether the financial ratios (Current Ratio, Debt To Equity Ratio, Total Asset Turn Over, Return on Equity, Price Book Value) affects predicting financial distress in Infrastructure, Utilities, and Transportation sector companies listed on the IDX the 2015-2020 period. This study uses a quantitative approach and the type of associative research, and the source data is secondary data with a sample of 10 companies. The sampling technique used purposive sampling. Data processing in this study uses E-Views 9 with Panel Data Regression analysis techniques. This study can conclude that the variables of inflation, current ratio, price-book value, and total turnover significantly affect financial distress in the Infrastructure sector companies: utilities and Transportation. Meanwhile, the debt to equity ratio and return on equity variables did not substantially affect financial distress in the Infrastructure, Utilities, and Transportation sector companies in 2015-2020.DOI: 10.26905/jkdp.v25i3.5858