Classification of small type B/C follicles as primordial follicles in mature rats

Reproduction ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 119 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Meredith ◽  
G Dudenhoeffer ◽  
K Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Type B ◽  
Primordial Follicles

Classification of small type B/C follicles as primordial follicles in mature rats

Reproduction ◽  
2000 ◽  
pp. 43-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Meredith ◽  
G Dudenhoeffer ◽  
K Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Dna Synthesis ◽  
Granulosa Cells ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Reliable Indicator ◽  
Type B ◽  
Primordial Follicles ◽  
Type C

In the present study, follicles were classified according to the morphology of their granulosa cells. Type B follicles contained only flattened granulosa cells; type B/C follicles had a mixture of flattened and cuboidal granulosa cells in a single layer, and type C follicles had a single layer of cuboidal granulosa cells. The primary objectives of the study were to determine whether 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine incorporation into type B/C follicles was a marker for initiation of growth and how long type B/C follicles could remain at the same stage before transformation to type C follicles. Female Holtzman rats received bromo-deoxyuridine for 7 days. After the infusion (day minipumps were removed = day 0), rats were ovariectomized on days 0 (n = 9), 30 (n = 8), 90 (n = 8) and 150 (n = 9). The numbers of type B, B/C and C follicles within one ovary were determined using modified fractionator counting. Analysis over all times demonstrated that there were more (P < 0.0001) type B/C (941 +/- 61 per ovary) than type C (140 +/- 18 per ovary) or type B (159 +/- 19 per ovary) follicles. The numbers of type B and type C follicles did not differ from each other at any time. Only one of 34 rats evaluated had bromo-deoxyuridine-labelled type B follicles. On day 150, 57% of the bromo-deoxyuridine-labelled type B/C follicles remained from day 0. It is concluded that (1) DNA synthesis in granulosa cells of type B/C follicles is not a reliable indicator of impending growth; and (2) type B and type B/C follicles are both components of the pool of primordial follicles.

scholarly journals Possible factors for ankle fractures

2010 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dejan Tabakovic ◽  
Radovan Manojlovic ◽  
Marko Kadija ◽  
Mihailo Ille ◽  
Goran Turkovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Ankle Fractures ◽  
Type B ◽  
Physical Exercises ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Fracture Body ◽  
Type C ◽  
Fracture Types

Background/Aim. Classification of ankle fractures is commonly used for selecting an appropriate treatment and prognosing an outcome of definite management. One of the most used classifications is the Danis-Weber classification. To the best of our knowledge, in the available literature, there are no parameters affecting specific types of ankle fractures according to the Danis-Weber classification. The aim of this study was to analyze the correlation of the following parameters: age, body weight, body mass index (BMI), height, osteoporosis, osteopenia and physical exercises with specific types of ankle fractures using the Danis-Weber classification. Methods. A total of 85 patients grouped by the Danis-Weber classification fracture types were analyzed and the significance of certain parameters for specific types of ankle fractures was established. Results. The proportion of females was significantly higher (p < 0.001) with a significantly higher age (59.9 years, SD ? 14.2) in relation to males (45.1 years, SD ? 12.8) (p < 0.0001). Type A fracture was most frequent in the younger patients (34.2 years, SD ? 8.6), and those with increased physical exercises (p = 0.020). In type B fracture, the risk factor was osteoporosis (p = 0.0180), while in type C fracture, body weight (p = 0.017) and osteoporosis (p = 0.004) were significant parameters. Conclusion. Statistical analysis using the Danis-Weber classification reveals that there are certain parameters suggesting significant risk factors for specific types of ankle fractures.

Feasibility, safety, and changes in systolic blood pressure associated with endovascular revascularization of symptomatic and chronically occluded cervical internal carotid artery using a newly suggested radiographic classification of chronically occluded cervical internal carotid artery: pilot study

2019 ◽  
Vol 130 (5) ◽  
pp. 1468-1477 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Hasan ◽  
Mario Zanaty ◽  
Robert M. Starke ◽  
Elias Atallah ◽  
Nohra Chalouhi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Internal Carotid Artery ◽  
Internal Carotid ◽  
Type B ◽  
Type D ◽  
Type C ◽  
Radiographic Classification

OBJECTIVEThe overall risk of ischemic stroke from a chronically occluded internal carotid artery (COICA) is around 5%–7% per year despite receiving the best available medical therapy. Here, authors propose a radiographic classification of COICA that can be used as a guide to determine the technical success and safety of endovascular recanalization for symptomatic COICA and to assess the changes in systemic blood pressure following successful revascularization.METHODSThe radiographic images of 100 consecutive subjects with COICA were analyzed. A new classification of COICA was proposed based on the morphology, location of occlusion, and presence or absence of reconstitution of the distal ICA. The classification was used to predict successful revascularization in 32 symptomatic COICAs in 31 patients, five of whom were female (5/31 [16.13%]). Patients were included in the study if they had a COICA with ischemic symptoms refractory to medical therapy. Carotid artery occlusion was defined as 100% cross-sectional occlusion of the vessel lumen as documented on CTA or MRA and confirmed by digital subtraction angiography.RESULTSFour types (A–D) of radiographic COICA were identified. Types A and B were more amenable to safe revascularization than types C and D. Recanalization was successful at a rate of 68.75% (22/32 COICAs; type A: 8/8; type B: 8/8; type C: 4/8; type D: 2/8). The perioperative complication rate was 18.75% (6/32; type A: 0/8 [0%]; type B: 1/8 [12.50%]; type C: 3/8 [37.50%], type D: 2/8 [25.00%]). None of these complications led to permanent morbidity or death. Twenty (64.52%) of 31 subjects had improvement in their symptoms at the 2–6 months’ follow-up. A statistically significant decrease in systolic blood pressure (SBP) was noted in 17/21 (80.95%) patients who had successful revascularization, which persisted on follow-up (p = 0.0001). The remaining 10 subjects in whom revascularization failed had no significant changes in SBP (p = 0.73).CONCLUSIONSThe pilot study suggested that our proposed classification of COICA may be useful as an adjunctive guide to determine the technical feasibility and safety of revascularization for symptomatic COICA using endovascular techniques. Additionally, successful revascularization may lead to a significant decrease in SBP postprocedure. A Phase 2b trial in larger cohorts to assess the efficacy of endovascular revascularization using our COICA classification is warranted.

A New Classification of Cochleovestibular Malformations and Implications for Predicting Speech Perception Ability after Cochlear Implantation

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sung-Wook Jeong ◽  
Lee-Suk Kim
Keyword(s):  
Speech Perception ◽  
Cochlear Implantation ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Type A ◽  
Cochlear Nerve ◽  
Type B ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Type D ◽  
Type C

Objectives: The aims of this study were to introduce a new classification of cochleovestibular malformation (CVM) and to investigate how well this classification can predict speech perception ability after cochlear implantation in children with CVM. Methods: Fifty-nine children with CVM who had used a cochlear implant for more than 3 years were included. CVM was classified into 4 subtypes based on the morphology of the cochlea and the modiolus on temporal bone computed tomography (TBCT): normal cochlea and normal modiolus (type A, n = 16), malformed cochlea and partial modiolus (type B, n = 31), malformed cochlea and no modiolus (type C, n = 6), and no cochlea and no modiolus (type D, n = 6). Speech perception test scores were compared between the subtypes of CVM using analysis of covariance with post hoc Bonferroni test. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were used to identify the significant predictors of the speech perception test scores. Results: The speech perception test scores after implantation were significantly better in children with CVM type A or type B than in children with CVM type C or type D. The test scores did not differ significantly between the implanted children with CVM type A or type B and those without CVM. In univariate regression analysis, the type of CVM was a significant predictor of the speech perception test scores in implanted children with CVM. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that the age at cochlear implantation, cochlear nerve size and preimplantation speech perception test scores were significant predictors of the postimplantation speech perception test scores. The chance of cochlear nerve deficiency increased progressively from CVM type A to type D. Conclusion: The new classification of CVM based on the morphology of the cochlea and the modiolus is simple and easy to use, and correlated well with postimplantation speech perception ability and cochlear nerve status. This simple classification of CVM using TBCT with cochlear nerve assessment by magnetic resonance imaging is helpful in the preoperative evaluation of children with CVM.

scholarly journals Classification of osteonecrosis of the femoral head

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 451-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yutaka Kuroda ◽  
Takeyuki Tanaka ◽  
Takaki Miyagawa ◽  
Toshiyuki Kawai ◽  
Koji Goto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Femoral Head ◽  
Treatment Guidelines ◽  
Type A ◽  
Type B ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
Joint Preserving Surgery ◽  
Asymptomatic Patients ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Collapse Rate

Objectives Using a simple classification method, we aimed to estimate the collapse rate due to osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) in order to develop treatment guidelines for joint-preserving surgeries. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 505 hips from 310 patients (141 men, 169 women; mean age 45.5 years (sd 14.9; 15 to 86)) diagnosed with ONFH and classified them using the Japanese Investigation Committee (JIC) classification. The JIC system includes four visualized types based on the location and size of osteonecrotic lesions on weightbearing surfaces (types A, B, C1, and C2) and the stage of ONFH. The collapse rate due to ONFH was calculated using Kaplan–Meier survival analysis, with radiological collapse/arthroplasty as endpoints. Results Bilateral cases accounted for 390 hips, while unilateral cases accounted for 115. According to the JIC types, 21 hips were type A, 34 were type B, 173 were type C1, and 277 were type C2. At initial diagnosis, 238/505 hips (47.0%) had already collapsed. Further, the cumulative survival rate was analyzed in 212 precollapsed hips, and the two-year and five-year collapse rates were found to be 0% and 0%, 7.9% and 7.9%, 23.2% and 36.6%, and 57.8% and 84.8% for types A, B, C1, and C2, respectively. Conclusion Type A ONFH needs no further treatment, but precollapse type C2 ONFH warrants immediate treatment with joint-preserving surgery. Considering the high collapse rate, our study results justify the importance of early diagnosis and intervention in asymptomatic patients with type C2 ONFH. Cite this article: Y. Kuroda, T. Tanaka, T. Miyagawa, T. Kawai, K. Goto, S. Tanaka, S. Matsuda, H. Akiyama. Classification of osteonecrosis of the femoral head: Who should have surgery?. Bone Joint Res 2019;8:451–458. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.810.BJR-2019-0022.R1.

scholarly journals Morphological classification of bovine ovarian follicles

Reproduction ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 139 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
R J Rodgers ◽  
H F Irving-Rodgers
Keyword(s):  
Basal Lamina ◽  
Granulosa Cells ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Basal Cells ◽  
Morphological Classification ◽  
Primordial Follicles ◽  
Antral Follicles ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Biological Differences

Follicle classification is an important aid to the understanding of follicular development and atresia. Some bovine primordial follicles have the classical primordial shape, but ellipsoidal shaped follicles with some cuboidal granulosa cells at the poles are far more common. Preantral follicles have one of two basal lamina phenotypes, either a single aligned layer or one with additional layers. In antral follicles <5 mm diameter, half of the healthy follicles have columnar shaped basal granulosa cells and additional layers of basal lamina, which appear as loops in cross section (‘loopy’). The remainder have aligned single-layered follicular basal laminas with rounded basal cells, and contain better quality oocytes than the loopy/columnar follicles. In sizes >5 mm, only aligned/rounded phenotypes are present. Dominant and subordinate follicles can be identified by ultrasound and/or histological examination of pairs of ovaries. Atretic follicles <5 mm are either basal atretic or antral atretic, named on the basis of the location in the membrana granulosa where cells die first. Basal atretic follicles have considerable biological differences to antral atretic follicles. In follicles >5 mm, only antral atresia is observed. The concentrations of follicular fluid steroid hormones can be used to classify atresia and distinguish some of the different types of atresia; however, this method is unlikely to identify follicles early in atresia, and hence misclassify them as healthy. Other biochemical and histological methods can be used, but since cell death is a part of normal homoeostatis, deciding when a follicle has entered atresia remains somewhat subjective.

Drug Allergies

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
James L Baldwin ◽  
Aimee L. Speck
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Drug Reactions ◽  
Skin Testing ◽  
Drug Hypersensitivity ◽  
Type A ◽  
World Health ◽  
Hypersensitivity Reactions ◽  
Type B ◽  
Drug Reactions ◽  
Drug Hypersensitivity Reactions

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are an important public health problem. An ADR is defined by the World Health Organization as an unintended, noxious response to a drug that occurs at a dose usually tolerated by normal subjects. The classification of ADRs by Rawlins and Thompson divides ADRs into two major subtypes: (1) type A reactions, which are dose dependent and predictable, and (2) type B reactions, which are uncommon and unpredictable. The majority of ADRs are type A reactions, which include four subtypes: overdosage or toxicity, side effects, secondary effects, and interactions. Type B reactions constitute approximately 10 to 15% of all ADRs and include four subtypes: drug intolerance, idiosyncratic reactions, pseudoallergic reactions, and drug hypersensitivity reactions. This chapter reviews the epidemiology of ADRs, risk factors for drug hypersensitivity reactions, the classification of drug reactions, diagnostic tests, reactions to specific drugs, and management of the patient with drug allergy. Figures illustrate drugs as haptens and prohaptens, the Gell and Coombs system, the four basic immunologic mechanisms for drug reactions, the chemical structure of different β-lactam antibiotics, penicillin skin testing, sulfonamide metabolism and haptenation, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug effects, and patient management. Tables outline the classification of ADRs, drugs frequently implicated in allergic drug reactions, and reagents and concentrations recommended for prick and intradermal skin testing. This review contains 8 figures, 7 tables, and 60 references. Key Words: Adverse drug reactions, drug hypersensitivity reactions, overdosage, toxicity, Type A reactions, Type B reactions, human leukocyte antigen, pruritus, angioedema, urticarial, bronchospasm, laryngeal edema, rhinoconjunctivitis

Drug Allergies

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
James L Baldwin ◽  
Aimee L. Speck
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Drug Reactions ◽  
Skin Testing ◽  
Drug Hypersensitivity ◽  
Type A ◽  
World Health ◽  
Hypersensitivity Reactions ◽  
Type B ◽  
Drug Reactions ◽  
Drug Hypersensitivity Reactions

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are an important public health problem. An ADR is defined by the World Health Organization as an unintended, noxious response to a drug that occurs at a dose usually tolerated by normal subjects. The classification of ADRs by Rawlins and Thompson divides ADRs into two major subtypes: (1) type A reactions, which are dose dependent and predictable, and (2) type B reactions, which are uncommon and unpredictable. The majority of ADRs are type A reactions, which include four subtypes: overdosage or toxicity, side effects, secondary effects, and interactions. Type B reactions constitute approximately 10 to 15% of all ADRs and include four subtypes: drug intolerance, idiosyncratic reactions, pseudoallergic reactions, and drug hypersensitivity reactions. This chapter reviews the epidemiology of ADRs, risk factors for drug hypersensitivity reactions, the classification of drug reactions, diagnostic tests, reactions to specific drugs, and management of the patient with drug allergy. Figures illustrate drugs as haptens and prohaptens, the Gell and Coombs system, the four basic immunologic mechanisms for drug reactions, the chemical structure of different β-lactam antibiotics, penicillin skin testing, sulfonamide metabolism and haptenation, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug effects, and patient management. Tables outline the classification of ADRs, drugs frequently implicated in allergic drug reactions, and reagents and concentrations recommended for prick and intradermal skin testing. This review contains 8 figures, 7 tables, and 60 references. Key Words: Adverse drug reactions, drug hypersensitivity reactions, overdosage, toxicity, Type A reactions, Type B reactions, human leukocyte antigen, pruritus, angioedema, urticarial, bronchospasm, laryngeal edema, rhinoconjunctivitis

scholarly journals A BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF ENCAPSULATUS PNEUMONIÆ (FRIEDLÄNDER'S BACILLUS)

1926 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis A. Julianelle
Keyword(s):  
Serological Test ◽  
Type A ◽  
Heterogeneous Group ◽  
Type B ◽  
Biological Classification ◽  
Type C ◽  
Working Out

A biological classification has been made of thirty strains of Friedländer's bacillus. This study reveals that there exist among these strains three sharply defined and specific types and one heterogeneous group. The three types are Type A, fifteen strains; Type B, six strains; Type C, three strains; and Group X, six strains. The agglutination, agglutinin adsorption, protection, thread, and precipitin reactions have been employed in the working out of this classification, and the types have been proved highly specific by means of each serological test.

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