scholarly journals El cultivo legal de adormidera en España: regulación jurídica, características de la empresa concesionaria y naturaleza de la producción

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (39) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesús Pérez Caballero
Keyword(s):  
Papaver Somniferum

En el presente artículo analizo la producción legal de adormidera (Papaver somniferum L.) en España. En primer lugar, reviso la legislación histórica sobre la materia, caracterizada por la ortodoxia respecto al régimen internacional y la consiguiente imbricación entre las decisiones a ese nivel y el nacional. Posteriormente, describo el cultivo del estupefaciente, un producto estratégico y en la tradición del estanco, y caracterizo Alcaliber, la empresa concesionaria durante décadas. Finalmente, ordeno la información de fuentes abiertas sobre licencias, hectáreas y control en las cadenas de cultivo y recolección, datos antes dispersos, debido al secretismo selectivo con que España y la concesionaria abordan el cultivo legal de adormidera.

COMBINING ABILITY FOR INHERITANCE OF ECONOMIC TRAITS IN OPIUM POPPY (Papaver somniferum L.)

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 01-08
Author(s):  
B. Kumar ◽  
N. K. Patra
Keyword(s):  
Combining Ability ◽  
Diallel Cross ◽  
Papaver Somniferum ◽  
Opium Poppy ◽  
Economic Traits ◽  
Degree Of Dominance ◽  
Parental Material ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Important Medicinal Plant

Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) is an important medicinal plant produces more than 80 alkaloids obtained from the capsules and straw of the plant. The estimate of combining ability gives an indication of the genetic behaviour of the parental material. It is therefore, desirable to select the parents for hybridization on the basis of their per se performance and combining ability effects. The F1, F2 and their reciprocals of an eight parent diallel cross in opium poppy were studied for combining ability of seven economic traits. The mean sum of squares due to GCA, SCA and reciprocals were significant for all the traits. The magnitude of GCA variances were invariably higher than those of SCA and thus indicating the preponderance of non-additive genetic variances, which was further affirmed by the measure of average degree of dominance i.e. ?(?2s/? 2g).  Among the parents VN35I for plant height, Sanchita and VG26 for capsules per plant, VN23, VN35I and Vivek for capsule index, VG26 and Sanchita for seed and straw yield per plant, and VN35I and VG20 for morphine content were found good general combiners. Earliness being a desired trait, parent VG20 having significant negative GCA estimates coupled with per se performance can be considered as good general combiner for early flowering. Inclusion of good general combiners in a multiple crossing program or an inter-mating population involving all possible crosses among them subjected to bi-parental mating may be expected to offer maximum promise in breeding for economic traits.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpbg.v24i2.17000

Growth, Opium Gum Yield, and Photoperiod Response in Five Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) Cultivars

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 481d-481
Author(s):  
Z. Wang ◽  
M.C. Acock ◽  
B. Acock
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Papaver Somniferum ◽  
Opium Poppy ◽  
Photoperiod Response ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Critical Photoperiod ◽  
Growth Chambers ◽  
Positive Correlations

To develop models for estimating growth, flowering time and gum yield of opium poppy, we compared variability among five cultivars (T, L, B1, B2, B3) from different latitudes in three Southeast Asian countries. Variability in the relationships between gum yield, capsule volume, and dry weight was also examined. Plants were grown in six growth chambers at a 11-, 12-, 13-, 14-, 15-, or 16-h photoperiod (PP) with a 12-h 25/20 °C thermoperiod. The main capsule was lanced for opium gum at 10, 13, and 16 d after flowering (DAF). Plants were harvested at 21 DAF and separated into leaves, stems, and capsules. Flowering time for B2 was affected least by PP and B1 the most. Flowering times for B3, L, and T were similar across the range of PPs. All cultivars showed a significant increase in flowering time from 14 to 13 h PP. Cultivars that flowered late (such as B1) had greater biomass than those that flowered earlier. However, cultivars that flowered earlier (such as L) had more dry matter partitioned into capsule than late-flowering ones. B2, B3, and L had the highest gum yields while B1 had the lowest. Positive correlations were found between gum dry weight and capsule volume (or dry weight) for T and L, but no correlations were observed between these variables for B1, B2, and B3. Our results indicated that plant dry weight varied as much as 77% and flowering time varied up to 40% even though the critical photoperiod was the same for all cultivars. The ratio of gum yield to capsule dry weight were significantly different between B1 and T.

The effect of fungal colonization on the morphine production of poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) capsules

1982 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 679-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Laughlin ◽  
D. Munro
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Papaver Somniferum ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
Capsule Wall ◽  
Surface Cover ◽  
Morphine Concentration ◽  
Commercial Harvest ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
The Individual

SUMMARYAbnormally low concentrations of morphine in capsules of poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) in the 1970–1 season were associated with heavy fungal colonization. The effect of fungal colonization on the morphine production of capsules was later studied in a series of field, glasshouse and in vitroexperiments.In a field experiment morphine concentration of severely colonized (> 30% surface cover) intact capsules was 20% less (P <0·01) than slightly colonized (< 10% surface cover) capsules. Colonization of these field-grown capsules was generally localized in the top half and the morphine concentration of the top half was about 20% less than the bottom half for all colonization categories. In contrast, glasshouse-grown capsules were free of fungal colonization and the top and bottom halves had similar morphine concentrations.In a field experiment studying the effect of fungicides, 2 kg benomyl (50% a.i.) + 2 kg mancozeb (80% a.i.)/ha were applied as a spray at 10-day intervals from flowering till 1 month after commercial harvest and plants were harvested at weekly intervals from 10 days after full bloom. The mean dry-matter yield of sprayed capsules was 11% greater (P <0·01) than non-sprayed with a similar trend for morphine concentration and morphine yield. In addition, the sprayed treatment significantly reduced the area covered by sporulating lesions on the surface of the capsule after dry maturity. This superficial fungal cover had a NNE orientation in both sprayed and non-sprayed capsules.In an in vitroexperiment using capsules from the field fungicide study, fungi were isolated from the interior of green capsule wall tissue as early as 17 days after flowering. Colonization increased with successive harvests and culturing of fungi from the interior of capsule wall tissue showed the presence of fungi in both sprayed and non-sprayed capsules with no difference in the degree of colonization.Two of the major fungi isolated from the field experiment were identified as Dendryphion penidllatum (Corda) Fr. and Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler and the individual effect of these was assessed in an in vitro experiment using ground capsule material. D. penidllatuvi and A. alternata reduced the morphine concentration of ground capsules in 24 days to 7 and 11% respectively of non-inoculated controls.

scholarly journals Zur Physiologie und Biosynthese der Alkaloide von Papaver somniferum

1959 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Günther Kleinschmidt ◽  
Kurt Mothes
Keyword(s):  
Papaver Somniferum ◽  
Phenol Ring

Isolierte Blätter, isolierte Kapseln und isolierter Milchsaft von Papaver somniferum vermögen bei Verabreichung von uniform markiertem [14C] -L-Tyrosin radioaktive Alkaloide zu bilden. Die Aktivität ist bei Verwendung dieser drei Organe bzw. Substrate in annähernd gleichem Verhältnis sowohl in die Alkaloide des Morphin- wie auch des Papaverin- und Narkotin-Typs eingebaut. Im Falle des Narkotins konnte weiter gezeigt werden, daß die Aktivität sich auf das Isochinolin- wie auch das Benzylsystem derart verteilt, daß angenommen werden kann, daß beide Ringsysteme unmittelbar dem Phenol-Ring des Tyrosins entstammen.

Respiration in the developing ovules of poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)

1963 ◽  
Vol 50 (23) ◽  
pp. 718-719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satish C. Maheshwari ◽  
M. M. Johri
Keyword(s):  
Papaver Somniferum

Impact of mutagenesis on cytological behavior in relation to specific alkaloids in Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)

Caryologia ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chatterjee Avijeet ◽  
Sudhir Shukla ◽  
Anu Rastogi ◽  
Brij K. Mishra ◽  
D. Ohri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Papaver Somniferum ◽  
Opium Poppy
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