Preparation of anisole in phenol by Zn/HZSM-5 catalyst from walnut shell catalyzed liquefaction

The promotional effect of Zn was investigated relative to the calcining activation of HZSM-5. It was found that the lignin separated from walnut shell could be liquefied into small molecular ethers such as anisole by the promotional effect of the modified catalyst. Experimental results showed that, after the loading of Zn, the HZSM-5 catalyst retained its original crystal structure, which exhibited good metal dispersion. Besides, due to the existence of two interactions respectively of Zn with Al and Zn with a Brønsted-Lowry acid on the Zn/HZSM-5 catalyst surface, the remaining catalyst intergranular distance increased, particularly for the 2% Zn/HZSM-5 catalyst. The inside of the catalyst was in a state of spherical particle aggregation with a narrow pore size distribution and uniform particle size. The peak intensity of the Si-O stretching vibration was affected by the content of Zn, which was least affected for the 2% Zn/HZSM-5 catalyst. The signal peak of this small molecule ether was not found in the absence of the metal ions, and the catalytic effect of 2% Zn/HZSM-5 was more distinct. Calculated by the mass difference method, the yield of the liquid via the 2% Zn/HZSM-5 catalyst was 59.8%, including phenol and small molecule ethers represented by anisole.

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Testing for activations using both signal peak intensity and spatial extent

NeuroImage ◽

10.1016/s1053-8119(96)80256-4 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

pp. S254

Author(s):

J-B. Poline ◽

K.J. Worsley ◽

A.C. Evans ◽

K.J. Friston

Keyword(s):

Spatial Extent ◽

Peak Intensity ◽

Signal Peak

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Effect of RF Negative Bias on the Structure and Performance of Diamond-Like Carbon Films in ECR Plasma

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.423-426.756 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 423-426 ◽

pp. 756-761

Author(s):

Li Jun Sang ◽

Qiang Chen ◽

Zhong Wei Liu ◽

Zheng Duo Wang

Keyword(s):

Friction Coefficient ◽

Electron Cyclotron Resonance ◽

Crystalline Silicon ◽

Carbon Films ◽

Diamond Like Carbon ◽

Negative Bias ◽

Film Property ◽

Ecr Plasma ◽

Peak Intensity ◽

Stretching Vibration

Diamond-like carbon films (DLC) were deposited on single crystalline silicon surface under different RF negative bias in microwave electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma source. The chemical structure and morphology were characterized by Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The friction coefficient of films was measured to examine the film property later. The results show that the smooth and compact deposited films were typical hydrogenated diamond-like carbon with CHn stretching vibration in 2800-3000cm-1. It is noticed that with the increase of RF bias on the substrate the peak intensity for C-H stretching vibration in spectrum between 2800cm-1~3000cm-1 increased at the beginning and then decreased, which caused the friction coefficient of the film being smaller and then larger in reverse. In 50W RF biased power one can obtain the maximum-CHn peak intensity and the minimum friction coefficient.

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Extraction and Characterization of Natural Dyes Applied to ZnO-based DSSC

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/opl.2013.953 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 1537 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

G. Perez Hernandez ◽

J. Pantoja Enriquez ◽

C. I. Ramos-Villegas ◽

M. Gonzalez-Solano ◽

G. Oskam ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Solar Cells ◽

Broad Band ◽

Dye Sensitized Solar Cells ◽

Visible Region ◽

Natural Dyes ◽

Walnut Shell ◽

Ruthenium Polypyridyl ◽

Mangrove Tree ◽

Vis Spectroscopy ◽

Stretching Vibration

ABSTRACTThe dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) are a technological and economical alternative to conventional p-n junction solar cells. The DSSC is composed of a transparent conducting electrode (SnO2:F) coated by a porous, nanocrystalline film of n-ZnO to which dye molecules are attached, an organic electrolyte containing a reduction-oxidation couple, and finally a counter-electrode (glass/SnO2:F) coated by a thin film of platinum. The most efficient dyes for DSSCs are based on Ruthenium polypyridyl complexes, related to the high absorption coefficient in the entire visible range and the efficient injection of electrons into the conduction band of ZnO. However, the ruthenium polypyridyl complex contains a heavy metal of relatively high cost, and synthetic routes are complicated with low yields. Moreover, natural dyes in addition to their availability, are cost-effective, non-toxic and biodegradable materials, and can be extracted by simple procedures. In this paper we report the extraction of natural dyes from the stems of mangrove (D1) and tinto (D2) trees as well as from walnut (D3) shell. First, it was necessary to dehydrate the materials, after which extraction was performed using ethanol, water and sodium hydroxide solution. The dyes were characterized using UV-visible and infrared spectroscopy. The analysis of the infrared spectra shows an intense and broad band related to OH bond stretching vibration at 3393, 3442 and 3390 cm-1 for the mangrove tree, tinto tree and walnut shell, respectively. At 1051, 1123 and 1050 cm-1, there was a very strong absorption due to the stretching vibration of CO group, for the mangrove tree, tinto tree and walnut shell, respectively. These results indicate that the functional group for bonding to the ZnO is -OH for these dyes. The results of the U-Vis spectroscopy show that the strongest absorption in the visible region is provided by dyes of the tinto and mangrove trees. The current - voltage curve of a preliminary ZnO-DSSC sensitized with the natural dye of the mangrove tree bark is presented.

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Pressure and Temperature Dependence of the Raman Peak Intensity Ratio of Asymmetric Stretching Vibration (ν3) and Asymmetric Bending Overtone (2ν2) of Methane

Applied Spectroscopy ◽

10.1366/13-07316 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 68 (5) ◽

pp. 536-540 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Menghan Wang ◽

Wanjun Lu ◽

Lanlan Li ◽

Shaohua Qiao

Keyword(s):

Temperature Dependence ◽

Intensity Ratio ◽

Raman Peak ◽

Peak Intensity Ratio ◽

Peak Intensity ◽

Stretching Vibration ◽

Asymmetric Bending ◽

Raman Peak Intensity

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Resolution Attainable With the Present Day STEM

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100071594 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 31 ◽

pp. 230-231 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J. S. Wall ◽

J. P. Langmore ◽

H. Isaacson ◽

A. V. Crewe

Keyword(s):

Spherical Aberration ◽

Focal Length ◽

Incident Beam ◽

Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope ◽

Aperture Size ◽

Magnetic Lens ◽

Peak Intensity ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Scanning Transmission ◽

Half Angle

The scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) constructed by the authors employs a field emission gun and a 1.15 mm focal length magnetic lens to produce a probe on the specimen. The aperture size is chosen to allow one wavelength of spherical aberration at the edge of the objective aperture. Under these conditions the profile of the focused spot is expected to be similar to an Airy intensity distribution with the first zero at the same point but with a peak intensity 80 per cent of that which would be obtained If the lens had no aberration. This condition is attained when the half angle that the incident beam subtends at the specimen, 𝛂 = (4𝛌/Cs)¼

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An Analysis of Dissociation of Molecules in a High Resolution Electron Microscope

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100072873 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 31 ◽

pp. 486-487

Author(s):

Mihir Parikh

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscope ◽

High Resolution ◽

Cross Sections ◽

Resolving Power ◽

Peak Intensity ◽

Molecular Film ◽

Resolution Electron ◽

Dissociation Cross Section ◽

High Resolution Electron Microscope ◽

The Stability

It is well known that the resolution of bio-molecules in a high resolution electron microscope depends not just on the physical resolving power of the instrument, but also on the stability of these molecules under the electron beam. Experimentally, the damage to the bio-molecules is commo ly monitored by the decrease in the intensity of the diffraction pattern, or more quantitatively by the decrease in the peaks of an energy loss spectrum. In the latter case the exposure, EC, to decrease the peak intensity from IO to I’O can be related to the molecular dissociation cross-section, σD, by EC = ℓn(IO /I’O) /ℓD. Qu ntitative data on damage cross-sections are just being reported, However, the microscopist needs to know the explicit dependence of damage on: (1) the molecular properties, (2) the density and characteristics of the molecular film and that of the support film, if any, (3) the temperature of the molecular film and (4) certain characteristics of the electron microscope used

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A privileged ternary blend enabling non-fullerene organic photovoltaics with over 14% efficiency

Journal of Materials Chemistry C ◽

10.1039/d0tc02778b ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (43) ◽

pp. 15135-15141

Author(s):

Jing Yan ◽

Yuan-Qiu-Qiang Yi ◽

Jianqi Zhang ◽

Huanran Feng ◽

Yanfeng Ma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Small Molecule ◽

Organic Photovoltaics ◽

Power Conversion ◽

Ternary Blend ◽

Conversion Efficiencies

Two non-fullerene small molecule acceptors, NT-4F and NT-4Cl, were designed and synthesized. Power conversion efficiencies of 11.44% and 14.55% were achieved for NT-4Cl-based binary and ternary devices, respectively.

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