TRADITIONAL METHODS OF PRODUCING NATURAL DYES AND WOOL DYEING AMONG THE INGUSH IN THE 19TH - EARLY 20TH CENTURIES

В статье рассматриваются традиционные способы производства природных красителей, раскрываются особенности технологии правильного крашения с применением натуральных ингредиентов. Антропология цвета в культуре ингушей базировалась на двухуровневой основе: с одной стороны, она была связана с естественно-средовыми условиями окружения, с другой - формировалась под влиянием исторической практики и жизнедеятельности народа. Рассматриваются технологические издержки, которые возникают при производстве натуральных красителей в домашних условиях. Отмечается, что к началу ХХ в. на территории Северного Кавказа происходит постепенный переход от применения натуральных красителей к более дешевым и менее трудоемким фабричным аналогам. Автором представлен систематизированный перечень местных красильных растений и деревьев, дается информация о красильных свойствах минералов и технологии их использования в кустарном производстве ингушей в XIX-XX вв. в процессе крашения шерсти. На основе проведенного анализа делается вывод о том, что в современных условиях происходит утрата традиционного опыта производства натуральных красителей и крашения шерсти у ингушей. The paper discusses traditional methods for the production of natural dyes, the features of the technology of correct dyeing. The anthropology of color in the culture of the Ingush was based on a two-level basis: on the one hand, it was associated with the natural environmental conditions, and on the other hand, it was formed under the influence of historical practice and life. The technological costs that arise in the production of natural dyes at home are considered. The research shows that by the beginning of the twentieth century in the North Caucasus there is a gradual transition from the use of natural dyes to cheaper and less laborious factory analogues. The author presents a systematized list of local dyeing plants and trees, provides information on the dyeing properties of minerals and the technology of their use in the handicraft production of the Ingush in the 19th - 20th centuries in the process of dyeing wool. Based on the analysis, the author concludes that in modern conditions there is a loss of traditional experience in the production of natural dyes and wool dyeing among the Ingush.

Limbah Sabut Kelapa Muda (Cocos nucifera L.) sebagai Sumber Pewarna Kain

Young coconut coir (Cocos nucifera Linn.) waste has the potential to be processed into a useful product, namely as a source of natural dyes, especially in cotton fabrics. Processing is carried out through a maceration process for 72 hours using 96% ethanol as solvent. The obtained extract was applied on cotton cloth with various concentrations of the extract solution, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25%, and various soaking times of the fabric in the extract for 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 minutes. The extract was analyzed using Uv-Vis Spekctrofotometer it showed that the ethanol extract or dye that is absorbed into the cotton fabric with various concentrations is 3.43, 4.82, 6.61, 7.79, and 9.03%, respectively. The various soaking times show that on the other hand that the extract absorbed into the fabric was successfully obtained around 7.75, 9.64, 10.81, 11.65, and 12.04%. The results show that the concentration of the extract solution and the increasing length of soaking time can increase the percentage of extract or dye absorbed in cotton fabrics

Toward Eco-Friendly Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs): Natural Dyes and Aqueous Electrolytes

Due to their low cost, facile fabrication, and high-power conversion efficiency (PCE), dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have attracted much attention. Ruthenium (Ru) complex dyes and organic solvent-based electrolytes are typically used in high-efficiency DSSCs. However, Ru dyes are expensive and require a complex synthesis process. Organic solvents are toxic, environmentally hazardous, and explosive, and can cause leakage problems due to their low surface tension. This review summarizes and discusses previous works to replace them with natural dyes and water-based electrolytes to fabricate low-cost, safe, biocompatible, and environmentally friendly DSSCs. Although the performance of “eco-friendly DSSCs” remains less than 1%, continuous efforts to improve the PCE can accelerate the development of more practical devices, such as designing novel redox couples and photosensitizers, interfacial engineering of photoanodes and electrolytes, and biomimetic approaches inspired by natural systems.

Training of Karamunting Fruit Processing as Natural Dyes in the PKK Group in Tarakan City

The agricultural sector is a source of income for residents in Tarakan City, especially SMEs that process agricultural products into various food products. These products are processed with synthetic dyes, which pose a health risk if consumed in excess overtime. Natural dyes from plants can be used to produce safe food products, one of which is Karamunting fruit. This training aims to provide knowledge as well as the practice of processing Karamunting fruit into natural food and beverage coloring. This training is aimed at partner institutions, namely the PKK group from RT 9 and RT 11 Pamusian Village, Central Tarakan District, Tarakan City. This activity is carried out using training and mentoring methods. The method used is the lecture method, with the practice being evaluated with a questionnaire to measure the effectiveness of the activities to increase the knowledge and skills of participants. The results of this activity are that 1) participants have a positive perception of the training provided; 2) participants gain new insights and knowledge about the benefits and efficacy of Karamunting fruit. 3) Participants gain new skills and experience; 4) Participants interested in expanding business opportunities for Karamunting fruit processing.

Versatility of Photosensitizers in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs)

Because of their scientific relevance in the field of energy conversion, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have become a focus of major studies in the last two decades. At present, DSSC is generally either sensitized with inorganic dyes, metal-free organic dyes, or natural dyes. These dyes have emerged as potential alternatives to costly and scarce Ru-based dyes because of being economical, simple attainability, ease of preparation, and environmental friendliness. The majority of alternatives to Ru-based dyes have so far proved to be inferior to Ru-based dyes due to their fragility, narrow absorption bands, and unfavorable dye aggregation. The present review focuses on recent research about sensitizers comprising inorganic dyes, metal-free organic dyes, and natural dyes for DSSCs. Following the introduction, Section 2 describes the DSSC operation, including the essential operational principles and basic components of a DSSC. Section 3 introduces various photosensitizers used in DSSC, and Section 4 states the conclusion and outlook on the field of DSSC research. It also describes and summarizes related sensitizers and their efficiency.

PENERAPAN PEWARNA ALAMI BIJI ALPUKAT PADA KAIN KATUN

ABSTRAKBiji alpukat dapat diekstrak menjadi zat warna alam karena mengandung senyawa tanin yang dapat menimbulkan warna cokelat atau kecokelatan. Kelemahan zat warna alam dalam proses pewarnaan tekstil yakni memiliki ketahanan luntur yang rendah. Oleh karena itu, pada proses pencelupan bahan tekstil dengan zat warna alam dibutuhkan proses fiksasi agar warna memiliki ketahanan luntur yang baik. Pewarna alami dari biji alpukat telah diterapkan pada kain katun. Ketahanan luntur pewarna alami telah diuji dengan memvariasikan massa tawas sebagai bahan fiksasi terhadap nilai perubahan intensitas cahaya pada air residu hasil pencucian kain katun. Perlakuan menggunakan variasi massa tawas 10g hingga 60g dengan waktu pencelupan selama 10 menit. Desain penelitian terdiri dari ekstraksi biji alpukat sebagai sumber zat warna alam, mordanting dan pencelupan kain katun ke dalam larutan zat warna, fiksasi kain katun, dan pengujian ketahanan luntur warna pada kain katun menggunakan luxmeter setelah pencucian menggunakan air biasa dan air deterjen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sampel yang menggunakan massa tawas 60g menghasilkan tingkat kelunturan warna paling kecil dengan nilai perubahan intensitas cahaya 9,58lux pada hasil pencucian dengan air biasa dan 3,11lux pada hasil pencucian dengan air deterjen. Semakin tinggi massa tawas yang digunakan sebagai bahan fiksasi pada kain katun, maka pewarna alami biji alpukat memiliki ketahanan luntur yang semakin baik. Penggunaan sampel tawas 60g sebagai bahan fiksasi efektif dalam menjaga ketahanan luntur pewarna alami biji alpukat pada kain katun. Kata kunci: Biji Alpukat; Kain Katun; Pewarna Alami; Tawas. ABSTRACTAvocado seeds could be extracted into natural dyes because they contained of tannin. Tannin as a dyes substances would cause brown or brownish color. The weakness of natural dyes in the textile dyeing process that has a low fade resistance. Therefore, the dyeing process of textile materials with natural dyes were needed fixation process in order that color had a well fade resistance. The natural dyes from avocado seeds had been applicated on cotton textile. The fade resistance of natural dyes had been tested by varying the mass of Al2(SO4)3as a fixation to the value of light intensity difference on the residue water of the cotton textile washing. The treatment used the mass variation of 10g to 60g Al2(SO4)3by dyeing for 10 minutes. The study design consisted of avocado seeds extraction as a source of natural dyes, mordanting of cotton textile, dyeing of cotton textile in a dye solution, fixation of cotton textile and test the fade resistance of natural dyes on cotton textile using a luxmeter after washing by water and detergent solution. The results showed that the sample used a mass of 60g Al2(SO4)3produced the smallest color fade degree with the value of light intensity difference on the residue water was 9.58lux of washing by water and 3.11lux of washing by detergent solution. The higher mass of Al2(SO4)3was used as fixation on cotton textile, the natural dyes of avocado seeds had a better fade resistance. The using of 60g Al2(SO4)3sample as a fixation material was effective for kept the fade resistance of natural dyes from avocado seeds on cotton textile. Keywords: Avocado Seeds; Cotton Textile; Natural Dyes.