scholarly journals Assesing the Merger of Online Platform Companies: Does it Lead to Monopoly or just Business Expansion? (Analysis of The Merged Company of GoTo)

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 551-566
Author(s):  
Sukarmi Sukarmi ◽  
Sholahuddin Al-Fatih ◽  
Kukuh Tejomurti ◽  
Moch. Zairul Alam
Keyword(s):  
Legal Issues ◽  
Competitive Behavior ◽  
Digital Platform ◽  
Holding Company ◽  
The Right To Privacy ◽  
Adequate Response ◽  
Consumer Data ◽  
The Right ◽  
Data Subject ◽  
Conceptual Research

Two large digital platform companies, Gojek and Tokopedia, officially merged to form a holding company called the GoTo Group that is considered to have anti-competitive behavior and potentially data monopoly. This article aimed to analyze the adequate response to potential violations of the Prohibition of Monopolistic Practices and Unfair Business Competition Regulation and legal issues related to consumer data monopoly issues. This article uses normative legal research with the conceptual research and statute approach. The result shows that it is necessary to define “relevant markets” and the “substituted products” to determine the existence of unfair business competition in the Gojek-Tokopedia merger. It requires analyzing the consumer behavior in other marketplaces other than Tokopedia; when consumers do not "run" to Gojek, it means they are not in the same market. To prevent privacy protection failures in post-merger data integration, companies need to assess data sharing that may be carried out as part of a risk assessment. Regarding the rights of data subjects, The company needs to provide notification to the data subject regarding the Merger and Acquisition (M & A) given the data subject's right to refuse and guarantee that the M & A process will not violate the right to privacy of the customer's dataKeywords: Competition Law; Digital Platform; Merger Menilai Penggabungan Perusahaan Platform Online: Apakah Mengakibatkan Monopoli atau Hanya Ekspansi Bisnis? (Analisis Penggabungan GoTo)AbstrakDua perusahaan platform digital besar, Gojek dan Tokopedia, resmi bergabung membentuk holding company bernama GoTo Group yang dinilai memiliki perilaku anti persaingan dan berpotensi monopoli data. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis respon yang memadai terhadap potensi pelanggaran Peraturan Larangan Praktik Monopoli dan Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat serta masalah hukum terkait masalah monopoli data konsumen. Artikel ini menggunakan penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan penelitian konseptual dan undang-undang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perlunya mendefinisikan “pasar relevan” dan “produk substitusi” untuk mengetahui adanya persaingan usaha tidak sehat dalam merger Gojek-Tokopedia. Hal ini membutuhkan analisis perilaku konsumen di pasar lain selain Tokopedia; ketika konsumen tidak “lari” ke Gojek, berarti mereka tidak berada di pasar yang sama. Untuk mencegah kegagalan perlindungan privasi dalam integrasi data pasca-merger, perusahaan perlu menilai pembagian data yang mungkin dilakukan sebagai bagian dari penilaian risiko. Mengenai hak subjek data, Perusahaan perlu memberikan pemberitahuan kepada subjek data mengenai Merger dan Akuisisi (M&A) mengingat hak subjek data untuk menolak dan menjamin bahwa proses M&A tidak akan melanggar hak privasi data pelangganKata Kunci: Hukum Persaingan Usaha; Platform Digital; PenggabunganОценка слияний компаний онлайн-платформ: приведет ли это к монополии или просто к расширению бизнеса? (Анализ слияний GoTo (Gojek и Tokopedia)  АннотацияДве крупные компании, занимающиеся цифровыми платформами, Gojek и Tokopedia, официально объединили свои усилия, чтобы сформировать холдинговую компанию GoTo Group, которая, как считается, ведет антиконкурентную политику и может монополизировать данные. Данная статья направлена на анализ адекватного реагирования на возможные нарушения Положения о запрещении монополистической практики и недобросовестной конкуренции, а также на правовые вопросы, связанные с проблемой монополии на данные потребителей. В данной статье используется нормативно-правовое исследование с концептуальным и правовым исследовательским подходом. Результаты исследования указывают на необходимость определить «соответствующие рынки» и «продукты-заменители», чтобы определить наличие недобросовестной деловой конкуренции в слиянии Gojek-Tokopedia. Это требует анализа поведения потребителей на рынках, отличных от Tokopedia; когда потребители не «бегут» в Gojek, это означает, что они не находятся на одинаковом рынке. Чтобы предотвратить сбои в защите конфиденциальности при интеграции данных после слияния, компаниям необходимо оценить возможное совместное использование данных в рамках оценки рисков. Что касается прав субъекта данных, Компания должна уведомить субъект данных о слиянии и поглощении (M&A), учитывая право субъекта данных отказаться и гарантировать, что процесс M&A не нарушит права на конфиденциальность данных клиента.Ключевые слова: Закон о деловой конкуренции; цифровые платформы; слияние

The Drug-Testing Controversy

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 579-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis Jolyon West ◽  
Deborah L. Ackerman
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Drug Screening ◽  
Drug Testing ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Right To Privacy ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
The Right To Privacy ◽  
Legal Challenges ◽  
The Right

Professional and societal debate regarding drug taking and drug-use problems occurs in cycles. In recent years a number of contentious issues have developed about the testing of urine, blood, saliva, and breath for evidence of drug use. Substances evaluated include alcohol, steroids, stimulants, sedatives, opiates, hallucinogens, and a variety of other chemicals both legal and illegal. Legal issues have been raised concerning the validity of testing procedures used and the reliability of evidence obtained, especially with preemployment drug screening. Other controversies center on the right to privacy versus the needs of society, and a variety of related topics. These issues and suggestions for maximizing the effectiveness of drug testing programs while minimizing legal challenges are discussed.

A Frame Analysis of Privacy Regulation in an International Arena

2011 ◽  
pp. 214-237
Author(s):  
V. Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Data Protection ◽  
Frame Analysis ◽  
Social Philosophy ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Privacy Regulation ◽  
Global Context ◽  
Online Interactions ◽  
The Right To Privacy ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right

The conceptualization of privacy has been the subject of much debate for more than a century in scholar-ship ranging from social philosophy and sociology to law, finance, and medicine. Legal issues concerning the right to privacy, moreover, are part of a complex web of state and national laws. This chapter examines the international legal issues resulting from the European Union’s 1998 Data Protection and Privacy Directive and its effects on online interactions in a global context. The authors believe this focus will help individuals interacting in international cyberspace understand and adapt to varying cultural and national perspectives of privacy in such contexts.

scholarly journals In the Interest(s) of Many: Governing Data in Crises

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-431
Author(s):  
Nathan Clark ◽  
Kristoffer Albris
Keyword(s):  
Data Analytics ◽  
Big Data Analytics ◽  
Sensitive Data ◽  
Global Policy ◽  
The Right To Privacy ◽  
Social Media Platforms ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
The Right ◽  
Data Subject ◽  
Realist Perspective

The use of digital technologies, social media platforms, and (big) data analytics is reshaping crisis management in the 21st century. In turn, the sharing, collecting, and monitoring of personal and potentially sensitive data during crises has become a central matter of interest and concern which governments, emergency management and humanitarian professionals, and researchers are increasingly addressing. This article asks if these rapidly advancing challenges can be governed in the same ways that data is governed in periods of normalcy. By applying a political realist perspective, we argue that governing data in crises is challenged by state interests and by the complexity of other actors with interests of their own. The article focuses on three key issues: 1) vital interests of the data subject vis-à-vis the right to privacy; 2) the possibilities and limits of an international or global policy on data protection vis-à-vis the interests of states; and 3) the complexity of actors involved in the protection of data. In doing so, we highlight a number of recent cases in which the problems of governing data in crises have become visible.

The right to privacy in Albania and the report with other rights

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anxhelina Zhidro ◽  
Arbesa Kurti ◽  
Klodjan Skënderaj
Keyword(s):  
Right To Privacy ◽  
The Right To Privacy ◽  
The Right

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan Hepburn
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Church Of England ◽  
Freedom Of Expression ◽  
Roman Catholicism ◽  
Freedom Of Conscience ◽  
Oxford Movement ◽  
The Right To Privacy ◽  
The Right ◽  
Race And Religion ◽  
The Church

In the 1940s and 1950s, Britain was relatively uniform in terms of race and religion. The majority of Britons adhered to the Church of England, although Anglo-Catholic leanings—the last gasp of the Oxford Movement—prompted some people to convert to Roman Catholicism. Although the secularization thesis has had a tenacious grip on twentieth-century literary studies, it does not account for the flare-up of interest in religion in mid-century Britain. The ecumenical movement, which began in the 1930s in Europe, went into suspension during the war, and returned with vigour after 1945, advocated international collaboration among Christian denominations and consequently overlapped with the promotion of human rights, especially the defence of freedom of worship, the right to privacy, freedom of conscience, and freedom of expression.

scholarly journals Community Living, Intellectual Disability and Extensive Support Needs: A Rights-Based Approach to Assessment and Intervention

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 3175
Author(s):  
Laura Esteban ◽  
Patricia Navas ◽  
Miguel Ángel Verdugo ◽  
Víctor B. Arias
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Independent Living ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Community Living ◽  
Support Needs ◽  
Related Services ◽  
The Right To Privacy ◽  
The Right

People with intellectual disability (ID) and extensive support needs experience poorer quality of life than their peers whose disability is not as severe. Many of them live in residential settings that limit community participation and prevent them from exercising control over their lives. This work analyzes the extent to which professional practices are aimed at promoting the right to community living for people with ID and extensive support needs, as well as the rights that are particularly linked to it, such as the right to habilitation and rehabilitation and the right to privacy. A specific questionnaire was designed and administered to 729 adults with intellectual disability (M = 37.05; DT = 12.79) living in different settings (family home, residential facilities and group homes). Measurement and structural models were estimated using exploratory structural equation modeling. Results obtained reveal that people with extensive support needs receive less support in terms of guaranteeing their right to independent living and privacy, especially when they live in disability-related services. This study highlights the need to implement and monitor, using valid and reliable indicators, mesosystem strategies that guarantee the right to live and participate in the community, especially for individuals with ID and extensive support needs.

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