Assesing the Merger of Online Platform Companies: Does it Lead to Monopoly or just Business Expansion? (Analysis of The Merged Company of GoTo)

Two large digital platform companies, Gojek and Tokopedia, officially merged to form a holding company called the GoTo Group that is considered to have anti-competitive behavior and potentially data monopoly. This article aimed to analyze the adequate response to potential violations of the Prohibition of Monopolistic Practices and Unfair Business Competition Regulation and legal issues related to consumer data monopoly issues. This article uses normative legal research with the conceptual research and statute approach. The result shows that it is necessary to define “relevant markets” and the “substituted products” to determine the existence of unfair business competition in the Gojek-Tokopedia merger. It requires analyzing the consumer behavior in other marketplaces other than Tokopedia; when consumers do not "run" to Gojek, it means they are not in the same market. To prevent privacy protection failures in post-merger data integration, companies need to assess data sharing that may be carried out as part of a risk assessment. Regarding the rights of data subjects, The company needs to provide notification to the data subject regarding the Merger and Acquisition (M & A) given the data subject's right to refuse and guarantee that the M & A process will not violate the right to privacy of the customer's dataKeywords: Competition Law; Digital Platform; Merger Menilai Penggabungan Perusahaan Platform Online: Apakah Mengakibatkan Monopoli atau Hanya Ekspansi Bisnis? (Analisis Penggabungan GoTo)AbstrakDua perusahaan platform digital besar, Gojek dan Tokopedia, resmi bergabung membentuk holding company bernama GoTo Group yang dinilai memiliki perilaku anti persaingan dan berpotensi monopoli data. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis respon yang memadai terhadap potensi pelanggaran Peraturan Larangan Praktik Monopoli dan Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat serta masalah hukum terkait masalah monopoli data konsumen. Artikel ini menggunakan penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan penelitian konseptual dan undang-undang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perlunya mendefinisikan “pasar relevan” dan “produk substitusi” untuk mengetahui adanya persaingan usaha tidak sehat dalam merger Gojek-Tokopedia. Hal ini membutuhkan analisis perilaku konsumen di pasar lain selain Tokopedia; ketika konsumen tidak “lari” ke Gojek, berarti mereka tidak berada di pasar yang sama. Untuk mencegah kegagalan perlindungan privasi dalam integrasi data pasca-merger, perusahaan perlu menilai pembagian data yang mungkin dilakukan sebagai bagian dari penilaian risiko. Mengenai hak subjek data, Perusahaan perlu memberikan pemberitahuan kepada subjek data mengenai Merger dan Akuisisi (M&A) mengingat hak subjek data untuk menolak dan menjamin bahwa proses M&A tidak akan melanggar hak privasi data pelangganKata Kunci: Hukum Persaingan Usaha; Platform Digital; PenggabunganОценка слияний компаний онлайн-платформ: приведет ли это к монополии или просто к расширению бизнеса? (Анализ слияний GoTo (Gojek и Tokopedia) АннотацияДве крупные компании, занимающиеся цифровыми платформами, Gojek и Tokopedia, официально объединили свои усилия, чтобы сформировать холдинговую компанию GoTo Group, которая, как считается, ведет антиконкурентную политику и может монополизировать данные. Данная статья направлена на анализ адекватного реагирования на возможные нарушения Положения о запрещении монополистической практики и недобросовестной конкуренции, а также на правовые вопросы, связанные с проблемой монополии на данные потребителей. В данной статье используется нормативно-правовое исследование с концептуальным и правовым исследовательским подходом. Результаты исследования указывают на необходимость определить «соответствующие рынки» и «продукты-заменители», чтобы определить наличие недобросовестной деловой конкуренции в слиянии Gojek-Tokopedia. Это требует анализа поведения потребителей на рынках, отличных от Tokopedia; когда потребители не «бегут» в Gojek, это означает, что они не находятся на одинаковом рынке. Чтобы предотвратить сбои в защите конфиденциальности при интеграции данных после слияния, компаниям необходимо оценить возможное совместное использование данных в рамках оценки рисков. Что касается прав субъекта данных, Компания должна уведомить субъект данных о слиянии и поглощении (M&A), учитывая право субъекта данных отказаться и гарантировать, что процесс M&A не нарушит права на конфиденциальность данных клиента.Ключевые слова: Закон о деловой конкуренции; цифровые платформы; слияние

Exploration Drilling in Remote Areas

In order to meet the country's future energy requirements, and in particular the increased demand for electricity and water in addition to major industrial growth, Bahrain's National Oil and Gas Authority (NOGA) has taken the strategic decision to import Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) to supplement existing local gas supplies as a long term energy policy. NOGA and the National Oil and Gas Holding Company B.S.C (c) (NH) signed project agreements in 2015 for the development of an LNG Receiving and Regasification Terminal in the Kingdom of Bahrain with an international consortium. The purpose of this paper is to shed light on this ‘first-of-its-kind’ project development in the Kingdom of Bahrain in order to highlight (i) the challenges and management of such challenges, (ii) the ultimate project/operational objectives and successful results, and (iii) lessons learnt.

Labour Rate Setting for Transport Company’s Managers Based on the Principles of Organisation Design

Analysis and labour rate setting regarding management activities is an important tool in the modern economy, used to improve the corporate efficiency by optimising existing management processes, reducing bureaucracy, and eliminating redundant processes, and, consequently, administrative elements that do not create value, and are an obstacle to normal functioning of the management system. The application of analytical methods to the work of managers is a relevant and powerful tool for increasing productivity and efficiency of corporate management.The article describes the results of a study of tools for analysis and regulation of management activities implemented in the Russian Railways holding company based on the principles of organisation design. The subject of the study is management activity as an object of application of modern methods of analysis and labour rates.The objective of the study is to show the possibility and feasibility of using modern methods of analysis and regulation of labour on the example of a large transport company. The purposes of the study, the results of which are presented in this article, comprise identification of prerequisites for adoption of methods of analysis and regulation of management activities; assessment of possibilities of using the tools of functional analysis of organisation’s entities and divisions to increase efficiency of management activities; description of technologies for labour rate setting for management activities using the example of the Russian Railways holding company.The study is based on the use of methods of process analytics, functional analysis, labour rate setting, and organisation design.The main result of the study is development of methodological approaches to analysis and standardisation of managerial work in a transport company. These approaches will make it possible to reasonably develop labour standards and rates for managers, staffing plan, and adopt modern management practices in the Russian Railways holding company.

PENGARUH PEMBENTUKAN HOLDING COMPANY BUMN PADA SEKTOR KEUANGAN TERHADAP PEMBERDAYAAN USAHA MIKRO, KECIL, DAN MENENGAH

Badan Usaha Milik Negara ("BUMN") di Indonesia merupakan salah satu penopang perekonomian negara. Penting bagi pemerintah untuk selalu mengoptimalkan kinerja BUMN di Indonesia untuk meningkatkan perekonomian negara, salah satunya melalui restrukturisasi BUMN dengan membentuk holding company. Di penghujung tahun 2020, pemerintah melalui Menteri BUMN menunjukkan antusiasnya dengan memaparkan rencana holding BUMN di bidang keuangan antara PT Bank Rakyat Indonesia Tbk, PT Pegadaian (Persero), dan PT Permodalan Nasional Madani (Persero). Tujuan utama dari rencana holding company adalah untuk membangun ekosistem bagi bisnis ultra-mikro sehingga layanan keuangan formal dapat tercapai. Mengingat pentingnya keberadaan UMK-M di Indonesia untuk menunjang perekonomian negara, maka perlu dikaji secara mendalam pengaruh rencana perusahaan holding company BUMN di bidang keuangan terhadap pemberdayaan UMK-M.

Clustering K-Means Kinerja Assistant Sales Representative pada PT Pupuk Kujang Cikampek, Departemen Pemasaran dan Penjualan Ritel

Perseroan Terbatas (PT) Pupuk Kujang merupakan salah satu anak perusahaan dari BUMN di indonesia yaitu PT Pupuk Indonesia Holding Company PT Pupuk Kujang merupakan perusahaan besar yang bergerak di bidang produksi, perdagangan, mempersembahkan jasa, angkutan, dan ekpedisi.PT Pupuk Kujang memiliki struktur organisasi yaitu Departemen Pemasaran dan Penjualan Ritel. Asisten Perwakilan Penjualan(ASR) merupakan jabatan bagi seseorang yang bekerja di PT Pupuk Kujang Cikampek, Departemen Pemasaran dan Penjualan ritel. Seringkali beberapa ASR tidak mencapai target dalam melakukan kegiatan, hal ini dapat merugikan perusahaan karena tingkat kinerja dari ASR terdapat kekurangan sehingga tugas pokok Departemen Pemasaran dan Penjualan Ritel tidak dapat dicapai dengan baik. Penelitian ini akan dilakukan pengelompokan dengan 3 klaster yaitu produktif, menengah, dan kurang produktif dengan metode clustering teknik algoritma K-Means. Hasil dari penelitian ini didapatkan sebanyak 6 ASR masuk ke dalam kelompok kurang produktif,

TAX REASONS FOR ESTABLISHING A HEADQUARTER COMPANY

Headquarter companies are generally interposed between the ultimate holding company and the operating subsidiaries of a group of companies. The functions of a headquarter company are mainly to manage investments and to centralize the income of the group prior to remittance to the ultimate holding company. Therefore, generally, the rationale for setting up a headquarter company is based on economic and structural needs of the group in which the headquarter company is to be set up. However, it is also common cause that the decision to set up a headquarter company is, more often than not, influenced by the need to take advantage of tax instruments available in the particular jurisdiction. This allows the group to reduce its overall tax liability and therefore increase its after tax earnings.

Keabsahan Pembentukan Holding Badan Usaha Milik Negara Minyak dan Gas (BUMN MIGAS)

A business entity is referred to as a state-owned enterprise due to the State's position as the majority shareholder and as the holder of control over such business entity. Various government efforts in terms of maintaining their position in State-Owned Enterprises (BUMN) are carried out through restructuring or by forming new concepts in the form of holding companies. The concept of holding companies is a new concept that has not yet been regulated in Indonesian positive law. One of them is the government's efforts in developing the business of State-Owned Enterprises (BUMN) in the oil and gas sector. In the formation of oil and gas BUMN holding, this is done through several methods or stages that follow the provisions of positive Indonesian law on limited liability companies. However, not only that, the establishment of the holding of the Oil and Gas State-Owned Enterprises also needs to be reviewed from several other arrangements relating to the fact that there is no specific provision governing the position or process of forming the holding itself. Keywords: Holding; BUMN; Oil and Gas; Participation; Transfer; Transformation.AbstrakSuatu badan usaha disebut sebagai badan usaha milik negara disebabkan adanya kedudukan Negara sebagai pemegang saham mayoritas dan sebagai pemegang kendali atas suatu badan usaha tersebut. Berbagai usaha pemerintah dalam hal mempertahankan kedudukannya pada Badan Usaha Milik Negara (BUMN) dilakukan melalui bentuk restrukturisasi atau dengan membentuk konsep baru berupa holding company. Konsep holding company ini merupakan suatu konsep baru yang hingga saat ini belum terdapat pengaturannya dalam hukum positif Indonesia. Salah satunya yaitu usaha pemerintah dalam pengembangan bisnis Badan Usaha Milik Negara dalam sektor minyak dan gas. Dalam pembentukan holding BUMN Minyak dan Gas ini dilakukan melalui beberapa metode atau tahapan yang mengikuti ketentuan hukum positif Indonesia tentang Perseroan Terbatas. Namun, tidak hanya itu, pembentukan holding BUMN Minyak dan Gas ini juga perlu ditinjau dari beberapa pengaturan lain yang berkaitan dengan mengingat belum adanya ketentuan khusus yang mengatur kedudukan atau proses pembentukan holding itu sendiri. Kata Kunci: Holding; BUMN; Migas; Penyertaan; Pengalihan; Transformasi.

Dynastic aura: Proximity to the powerful and its promise in corporate South Korea

This article discusses the experiences of high-level managers at a South Korean conglomerate named ‘Sangdo’ who worked within the corporate group’s head office under the owner-executive family. These highly credentialled professionals were attracted to the idea of working directly under or alongside an elite, wealthy corporate dynasty who both owned the conglomerate and were its top executives. Rather than seeing this as a site of inherent conflict between the familial and the professional, I describe how the idea of working alongside and for such elites was enhanced by a ‘dynastic aura’. Through the concept of dynastic aura, I highlight how, in South Korea, families that own business groups are objects of public fascination, particularly as indicators of the future of the economy. In the context of Sangdo, I describe how managers were drawn to the potential of working with a new generation of Sangdo ownership, who sought to centralize and systematize expertise within a holding company. I show how this aura figuratively wore off for managers as they came to understand that ownership was just as entangled in the corporate form – not necessarily above or outside of it – as they were. The article highlights how certain aspects of kinship (such as dynasties and generational succession) still animate capitalist labour, even for non-family members. Additionally, the article calls attention to the way that actors engage with and understand powerful actors in their own right, going beyond accounts of anthropologists’ own direct encounters with the powerful.