Assesing the Merger of Online Platform Companies: Does it Lead to Monopoly or just Business Expansion? (Analysis of The Merged Company of GoTo)

Two large digital platform companies, Gojek and Tokopedia, officially merged to form a holding company called the GoTo Group that is considered to have anti-competitive behavior and potentially data monopoly. This article aimed to analyze the adequate response to potential violations of the Prohibition of Monopolistic Practices and Unfair Business Competition Regulation and legal issues related to consumer data monopoly issues. This article uses normative legal research with the conceptual research and statute approach. The result shows that it is necessary to define “relevant markets” and the “substituted products” to determine the existence of unfair business competition in the Gojek-Tokopedia merger. It requires analyzing the consumer behavior in other marketplaces other than Tokopedia; when consumers do not "run" to Gojek, it means they are not in the same market. To prevent privacy protection failures in post-merger data integration, companies need to assess data sharing that may be carried out as part of a risk assessment. Regarding the rights of data subjects, The company needs to provide notification to the data subject regarding the Merger and Acquisition (M & A) given the data subject's right to refuse and guarantee that the M & A process will not violate the right to privacy of the customer's dataKeywords: Competition Law; Digital Platform; Merger Menilai Penggabungan Perusahaan Platform Online: Apakah Mengakibatkan Monopoli atau Hanya Ekspansi Bisnis? (Analisis Penggabungan GoTo)AbstrakDua perusahaan platform digital besar, Gojek dan Tokopedia, resmi bergabung membentuk holding company bernama GoTo Group yang dinilai memiliki perilaku anti persaingan dan berpotensi monopoli data. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis respon yang memadai terhadap potensi pelanggaran Peraturan Larangan Praktik Monopoli dan Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat serta masalah hukum terkait masalah monopoli data konsumen. Artikel ini menggunakan penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan penelitian konseptual dan undang-undang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perlunya mendefinisikan “pasar relevan” dan “produk substitusi” untuk mengetahui adanya persaingan usaha tidak sehat dalam merger Gojek-Tokopedia. Hal ini membutuhkan analisis perilaku konsumen di pasar lain selain Tokopedia; ketika konsumen tidak “lari” ke Gojek, berarti mereka tidak berada di pasar yang sama. Untuk mencegah kegagalan perlindungan privasi dalam integrasi data pasca-merger, perusahaan perlu menilai pembagian data yang mungkin dilakukan sebagai bagian dari penilaian risiko. Mengenai hak subjek data, Perusahaan perlu memberikan pemberitahuan kepada subjek data mengenai Merger dan Akuisisi (M&A) mengingat hak subjek data untuk menolak dan menjamin bahwa proses M&A tidak akan melanggar hak privasi data pelangganKata Kunci: Hukum Persaingan Usaha; Platform Digital; PenggabunganОценка слияний компаний онлайн-платформ: приведет ли это к монополии или просто к расширению бизнеса? (Анализ слияний GoTo (Gojek и Tokopedia) АннотацияДве крупные компании, занимающиеся цифровыми платформами, Gojek и Tokopedia, официально объединили свои усилия, чтобы сформировать холдинговую компанию GoTo Group, которая, как считается, ведет антиконкурентную политику и может монополизировать данные. Данная статья направлена на анализ адекватного реагирования на возможные нарушения Положения о запрещении монополистической практики и недобросовестной конкуренции, а также на правовые вопросы, связанные с проблемой монополии на данные потребителей. В данной статье используется нормативно-правовое исследование с концептуальным и правовым исследовательским подходом. Результаты исследования указывают на необходимость определить «соответствующие рынки» и «продукты-заменители», чтобы определить наличие недобросовестной деловой конкуренции в слиянии Gojek-Tokopedia. Это требует анализа поведения потребителей на рынках, отличных от Tokopedia; когда потребители не «бегут» в Gojek, это означает, что они не находятся на одинаковом рынке. Чтобы предотвратить сбои в защите конфиденциальности при интеграции данных после слияния, компаниям необходимо оценить возможное совместное использование данных в рамках оценки рисков. Что касается прав субъекта данных, Компания должна уведомить субъект данных о слиянии и поглощении (M&A), учитывая право субъекта данных отказаться и гарантировать, что процесс M&A не нарушит права на конфиденциальность данных клиента.Ключевые слова: Закон о деловой конкуренции; цифровые платформы; слияние

Validation of the Early Warning and Response System (EWARS) for dengue outbreaks: Evidence from the national vector control program in Mexico

Background During 2017, twenty health districts (locations) implemented a dengue outbreak Early Warning and Response System (EWARS) in Mexico, which processes epidemiological, meteorological and entomological alarm indicators to predict dengue outbreaks and triggers early response activities. Out of the 20 priority districts where more than one fifth of all national disease transmission in Mexico occur, eleven districts were purposely selected and analyzed. Nine districts presented outbreak alarms by EWARS but without subsequent outbreaks (“non-outbreak districts”) and two presented alarms with subsequent dengue outbreaks (“outbreak districts”). This evaluation study assesses and compares the impact of alarm-informed response activities and the consequences of failing a timely and adequate response across the outbreak groups. Methods Five indicators of dengue outbreak response (larval control, entomological studies with water container interventions, focal spraying and indoor residual spraying) were quantitatively analyzed across two groups (”outbreak districts” and “non-outbreak districts”). However, for quality control purposes, only qualitative concluding remarks were derived from the fifth response indicator (fogging). Results The average coverage of vector control responses was significantly higher in non-outbreak districts and across all four indicators. In the “outbreak districts” the response activities started late and were of much lower intensity compared to “non-outbreak districts”. Vector control teams at districts-level demonstrated diverse levels of compliance with local guidelines for ‘initial’, ‘early’ and ‘late’ responses to outbreak alarms, which could potentially explain the different outcomes observed following the outbreak alarms. Conclusion Failing timely and adequate response of alarm signals generated by EWARS showed to negatively impact the disease outbreak control process. On the other hand, districts with adequate and timely response guided by alarm signals demonstrated successful records of outbreak prevention. This study presents important operational scenarios when failing or successding EWARS but warrants investigating the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of EWARS using a more robust designs.

International Refugee Law in Crisis: Islands, Incarceration and Neo-Refoulement during COVID-19

Attempts by states to deter refugee movement have evolved to a point that routine and systematic breach of non-refoulement and associated human rights frequently constitutes a central pillar in their asylum architectures. The expansion of state policies and practices under which people seeking asylum are prevented from reaching safe places and lodging asylum claims has accelerated during the Covid-19 pandemic. Drawing on examples from Australia and Europe, this article uses neo-refoulement—a concept introduced by geographers Jennifer Hyndman and Alison Mountz—to signal not only the rise in pushbacks at land and sea borders, but also practices that occur well within the boundaries of sovereign territory. These include the use of island incarceration, fast-track border procedures, and denial of legal presence on sovereign territory, even where physical presence is achieved. Such measures have often been introduced under the pretext of responding to situations of ‘mass influx’. And yet, far from providing an adequate response to a so-called ‘refugee crisis’, they serve only to facilitate a greater humanitarian crisis.

Ontology of the Digital Culture: World Trends and Chinese Advanced Experience

The concept of digital culture defines a set of values, practices, and expectations regarding the format of human interaction in today’s online society. Predictions of digital culture describe the specifics of the online environment and the general context of social life. The range of interpretations of digital culture varies between two poles: from the recognition of digital technologies as a way of presenting libraries, museums, historical monuments, etc., to the concepts of digital culture as a new socio-anthropological reality, the content of which is not limited to ICT. Culture as a phenomenon means the semantic unity of human activity, the desire to format social life following ideas and values, the movement from existing to obligatory, from actual to potential, and digital culture is an adequate response to the demands and challenges. People worldwide change their placement of everyday activity, and we could admit such huge transformation in the Chinese People’s Republic exactly obvious.

Quantum Technologies Impact on Electromagnetic Spectrum Monitoring

Electromagnetic spectrum (EMS) superiority represents a prerequisite for resilient defence strategies, capable of effective and adequate response to our global security environment. Besides, quantum communications are being considered one of the most promising technologies with applications in security related domains. To this extent, the development of quantum communication infrastructures will significantly impact the architecture of the modern electromagnetic operational environment. Quantum technologies pave the way towards revolutionary technologies by exploiting physical phenomena from different angles and enabling extremely sensitive measurements of multiple parameters including electromagnetic fields. This paper aims to present a short description of quantum technologies with applications for electromagnetic spectrum monitoring and discusses their impact on future electromagnetic warfare operations.

Immune system response to the Covid 19 virus and 3rd boosters

A recent finding that the two-dose vaccination for the Covid-19 virus leads to a rapid loss of protection in many patients within 6 months. Thus the need for a 3rd injection has been found to be mandatory for continuing protection, as well as to highlight the need to monitor immune compromised patients and those with comorbidities particularly in indigenous populations where co-morbidities may be present preventing an adequate response to the initial vaccination. This has also highlighted the problem of lack of vaccines in the less developed parts of the world that requires urgent attention, as this is where new variants arise. The virus must be contained in these countries before we run out of letters in the Greek alphabet. Key words: Covid 19, virus, vaccines, 3rd injection, immunity, mutations, WHO

MARKETING MANAGEMENT OF THE ACTIVITIES OF DOMESTIC ECONOMIC ENTITIES IN THE TOURIST SERVICES MARKET OF UKRAINE

The article is devoted to the problems of marketing strategy and activity of the tourist enterprise. In the context of the coronavirus infection pandemic, significant changes are taking place in the tourism industry. Adequate response of tourism enterprises to possible changes in data through marketing tools, a key element in modern conditions is – the creation of a sustainable brand and the use of marketing support tools. The article analyzes the relationship between these problems. As a result of the study, the authors identified the main trends, conditions of the tourism market and the generalized consequences of the pandemic: new attributes of travel, changes in the activities of tour operators, new technological solutions. Features of the market of tourist services are characterized. It is determined that an important problem that limits the possibilities of the fullest use of the entrepreneurial potential of tourism organizations is the insufficient level of strategically-oriented marketing justifications in the management decisions. The urgency of the research topic necessitated the improvement of management systems of business structures of various profiles and, in particular, operating in the market of tourist services, which retain a high potential for development in a crisis situation. One of the main areas of such improvement is to increase the level of marketing support of the management process with its ability to initiate significant business effects.

Insidious Trauma – Between the Political and the Psychoanalytical

The article attempts to understand the affliction known as insidious trauma and its link to social and political situations. The medical establishment finds itself hard pressed to provide an adequate response to traumas of social and political origin, rooted in oppressive regimes or environments. To the best of our knowledge the psycho-political model of recovery should take into account active resistance on the part of the individual suffering from insidious trauma. Subjectivity that is exposed to insidious trauma, but is not at the same time exposed to representations of resistance, remains external to the discourse. By assigning a name, a language and a voice to insidious trauma, the discourse is shifted from intrapsychic psychopathology to social psychopathology, thereby imparting to it both a social and a political context.

ANTISOCIAL DOGS: SOCIALIZATION AND REDUCTION OF THE INFLUENCE OF STRESS FACTORS DURING VETERINARY MANIPULATIONS

Socialization is the development of new information by the dog, adaptation to the surrounding world. Teaching a dog to get along with its environment is quite a difficult task, especially if we are talking about a neglected animal living in a shelter. The socialization of dogs and the correct behavior of veterinary specialists when receiving such animals is fundamental in adapting to the surrounding world, and an adequate response of animals increases the chances of finding new owners for them. The process of socialization of a dog in human society depends on the frequency of its contacts with a person. It is important that volunteers and volunteers of different ages come to shelters for socialization and communicate with the animal in different conditions for them - in aviaries and on the street. Basically, communication between a dog and a person consists of three links: vocal communication, body signals, and ritual behavior. The socialization of dogs living in shelters has a complex structure and consists of several stages. The most important and simple thing that a person can offer a dog is to get used to the hands, learn how to wear a collar and walk on a leash. Veterinary specialists should be vigilant and careful when working with asocial animals. Compliance with a number of rules and taking into account the conditions of their detention and mental state will help to effectively carry out all the necessary manipulations, without harming the specialist, assistants and the animal.