Question Regarding Need for Treatment

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 621-622
Author(s):  
Arthur W. Kaemmer ◽  
Byron R. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Mass Screening ◽  
Lead Poisoning ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Blood Lead Levels ◽  
Elevated Blood ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Environmental Lead ◽  
Need For Treatment ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
Elevated Blood Lead Levels

Dr. Greensher and his colleagues are to be congratulated for bringing to the readers' attention a most unusual source of lead poisoning. Inasmuch as many localities are initiating city-wide lead screening programs, it is obvious that pediatricians in this country will be seeing many children with abnormally elevated blood lead levels, and in many cases diligent efforts such as this will have to be undertaken to determine the exact source of the environmental lead. biggest problems with mass screening programs for lead poisoning are well outlined by Moriarty's article.2

scholarly journals Prevalence and Risk Factors of Elevated Blood Lead in Children in Gold Ore Processing Communities, Zamfara, Nigeria, 2012

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 2-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Kaufman ◽  
Mary Jean Brown ◽  
Nasir T. Umar-Tsafe ◽  
Muhammad Bashir Adbullahi ◽  
Kabiru I. Getso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lead Poisoning ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Blood Lead Levels ◽  
Elevated Blood ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Gold Ore ◽  
Ore Processing ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
Elevated Blood Lead Levels

Background. In March 2010, Medecins Sans Frontieres/Doctors Without Borders detected an outbreak of acute lead poisoning in Zamfara State, northwestern Nigeria, linked to low-technology gold ore processing. The outbreak killed more than 400 children ≤5 years of age in the first half of 2010 and has left more than 2,000 children with permanent disabilities. Objectives. The aims of this study were to estimate the statewide prevalence of children ≤5 years old with elevated blood lead levels (BLLs) in gold ore processing and non-ore-processing communities, and to identify factors associated with elevated blood lead levels in children. Methods. A representative, population-based study of ore processing and non-ore-processing villages was conducted throughout Zamfara in 2012. Blood samples from children, outdoor soil samples, indoor dust samples, and survey data on ore processing activities and other lead sources were collected from 383 children ≤5 years old in 383 family compounds across 56 villages. Results. 17.2% of compounds reported that at least one member had processed ore in the preceding 12 months (95% confidence intervals (CI): 9.7, 24.7). The prevalence of BLLs ≥10 μg/dL in children ≤5 years old was 38.2% (95% CI: 26.5, 51.4) in compounds with members who processed ore and 22.3% (95% CI: 17.8, 27.7) in compounds where no one processed ore. Ore processing activities were associated with higher lead concentrations in soil, dust, and blood samples. Other factors associated with elevated BLL were a child's age and sex, breastfeeding, drinking water from a piped tap, and exposure to eye cosmetics. Conclusions. Childhood lead poisoning is widespread in Zamfara State in both ore processing and non-ore-processing settings, although it is more prevalent in ore processing areas. Although most children's BLLs were below the recommended level for chelation therapy, environmental remediation and use of safer ore processing practices are needed to prevent further exposures.

scholarly journals Environmental Lead Pollution and Elevated Blood Lead Levels Among Children in a Rural Area of China

2011 ◽  
Vol 101 (5) ◽  
pp. 834-841 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sihao Lin ◽  
Xiaorong Wang ◽  
Ignatius Tak Sun Yu ◽  
Wenjuan Tang ◽  
Jianying Miao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Area ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Blood Lead Levels ◽  
Lead Pollution ◽  
Elevated Blood ◽  
Environmental Lead ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
Elevated Blood Lead Levels

Lead Poisoning Risk Determination in a Rural Setting

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-90
Author(s):  
Stanley J. Schaffer ◽  
Martha S. Kincaid ◽  
Nathan Endres ◽  
Michael Weitzman
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Lead Poisoning ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Blood Lead Levels ◽  
Rural Children ◽  
Elevated Blood ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
Elevated Blood Lead Levels

Objectives. To determine the prevalence of elevated blood lead levels among children living in a rural area and to determine the effectiveness of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Lead Risk Assessment Questionnaire and additional questionnaire items in correctly identifying rural children having elevated blood lead levels. Research Design. Comparison of results of a questionnaire that is intended to identify children as being at low or high risk for lead poisoning with children's blood lead levels. Setting. The three practice sites of the only pediatric group in a rural county of upstate New York. Patients. A consecutive sample of 705 children ages 6 to 72 months who were seen for health supervision visits between June and September 1993. Results. Sixty-nine percent of the children were considered to be at high risk for lead poisoning by the CDC questionnaire. Overall, 8.4% of the children in the study had blood lead levels of 10 µg/dL (0.48 µmol/L) or higher, and 2.1% had blood lead levels of 15 µg/dL (0.72 µmol/L) or higher. No significant difference was noted between the percentages of high-and low-risk children who had elevated blood lead levels. To devise a more effective lead risk assessment tool for children in this setting, the two items from the CDC questionnaire and the two additional items that had the greatest predictive utility were combined to form a short alternative questionnaire. The alternative questionnaire thus consisted of items concerning whether the child has a sibling or playmate with lead poisoning, whether the child lives near an industry that potentially may release lead, whether the child lives in rented or owner-occupied housing, and whether the child has a parent who is a migrant farm worker. Children categorized as high risk with the alternative questionnaire were much more likely to have elevated blood lead levels than those who were categorized as low risk. The alternative questionnaire was very effective in correctly identifying children with elevated blood lead levels. Eighty-eight percent of children having blood lead levels of 10 µg/dL or higher and 100% of children having blood lead levels of 15 µg/dL or higher were classified as high risk by the questionnaire. Children classified as low risk were very unlikely to have elevated blood lead levels; 98% of low-risk children had blood lead levels of less than 10 µg/dL, and 100% had blood lead levels of less than 15 µg/dL. Conclusions. These results suggest that the CDC lead risk assessment questionnaire is of limited benefit in identifying rural children with blood lead levels 10 µg/dL or higher or 15 µg/dL or higher. An alternative questionnaire, however, seems to have marked clinical utility for identifying rural children with elevated blood lead levels.

scholarly journals Fast Hemoglobin in Lead Poisoning

Blood ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
SAMUEL CHARACHE ◽  
DAVID J. WEATHERALL
Keyword(s):  
Lead Poisoning ◽  
Molecular Species ◽  
Hypochromic Anemia ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Blood Lead Levels ◽  
Oxidized Glutathione ◽  
Elevated Blood ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
Elevated Blood Lead Levels

Abstract 1. An electrophoretically fast hemoglobin was found in approximately 40 per cent of preschool children with elevated blood lead levels. 2. Fast hemoglobin was found more often in lead-poisoned patients with hypochromic anemia than in patients with normochromic red cells. 3. Fast hemoglobin differed from hemoglobins produced in vitro by incubation with chromate or oxidized glutathione. It had electrophoretic properties similar to that found in a few patients receiving tolbutamide. 4. Fast hemoglobin could not be differentiated from normal hemoglobin A3 by any technic utilized. 5. Both lead and A3 hemoglobins were heterogeneous molecular species. 6. The mechanisms leading to the production of hemoglobin A3 and lead hemoglobin remain unknown.

scholarly journals Lead Poisoning among Male Juveniles Due to Illegal Mining: A Case Series from South Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 6838
Author(s):  
Thokozani Patrick Mbonane ◽  
Angela Mathee ◽  
André Swart ◽  
Nisha Naicker
Keyword(s):  
Lead Poisoning ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Blood Lead Levels ◽  
Elevated Blood ◽  
Violent Behaviour ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Illegal Mining ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
Elevated Blood Lead Levels

Illegal mining is a major public health and societal concern. Recent scientific evidence indicates elevated blood–lead levels in illegal gold miners and associated communities. Yet, there is little research in this regard from low- to middle-income countries (LMICs), where illegal mining is growing. This case series is extracted from a cross-sectional study of lead exposure in incarcerated juveniles in greater Johannesburg. From survey records (blood–lead levels and questionnaires), three males had elevated blood–lead levels and presented with health conditions and behavioural problems putatively linked with lead poisoning. Based on the record review, all three juveniles were in a secure facility due to illegal mining-related activities. All three cases had high blood–lead levels and demonstrated a tendency toward aggressive or violent behaviour. They also presented with conditions associated with lead poisoning, such as anaemia, respiratory illness, abdominal disorders, and musculoskeletal conditions. Juveniles involved in illegal mining are at risk of exposure to heavy metals such as lead, and there is a need for relevant preventative action and health care programmes in this group.

scholarly journals Elevated Blood Lead Levels in Infants and Mothers in Benin and Potential Sources of Exposure

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florence Bodeau-Livinec ◽  
Philippe Glorennec ◽  
Michel Cot ◽  
Pierre Dumas ◽  
Séverine Durand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Lead ◽  
Blood Lead Levels ◽  
Elevated Blood ◽  
Potential Sources ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
Elevated Blood Lead Levels
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