Iron Sufficiency in Breast-Fed Infants and the Availability of Iron From Human Milk

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 686-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia A. Mcmillan ◽  
Stephen A. Landaw ◽  
Frank A. Oski
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Serum Iron ◽  
Iron Absorption ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Normal Adults ◽  
Breast Fed

Four infants were studied who had been exclusively breast-fed for periods varying from 8 to 18 months. All had grown sufficiently to have exhausted their prenatally acquired iron endowment with respect to meeting current needs for maintaining normal hemoglobin levels. All infants had normal hemoglobin values and normal serum iron values. Studies of iron absorption from breast milk and cow's milk were performed in ten normal adults. The absorption of iron from the human milk was significantly higher. These findings suggest that the iron present in human milk is sufficient to meet the iron requirements of the exclusively breast-fed infant until he approximately triples his birthweight.

Gastroduodenal Motility in Neonates: Response to Human Milk Compared With Cow's Milk Formula

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 434-438
Author(s):  
T. Tomomasa ◽  
P. E. Hyman ◽  
K. Itoh ◽  
J. Y. Hsu ◽  
T. Koizumi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
High Amplitude ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Wave Form ◽  
Fasting State ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Gastroduodenal Motility

It is known that breast milk empties more quickly from the stomach than does infant formula. We studied the difference in gastroduodenal motility between neonates fed with human milk and those fed with infant formula. Twenty-four five-to 36-day-old neonates were fed with mother's breast milk or with a cow's milk-based formula. Postprandlial gastroduodenal contractions were recorded manometrically for three hours. Repetitive, high-amplitude nonmigrating contractions were the dominant wave form during the postprandial period. The number of episodes, duration, amplitude, and frequency of nonmigrating contractions were not different following the different feedings. The migrating myoelectric complex, which signals a return to the interdigestive (fasting) state, appeared in 75% of breast milk-fed infants but only 17% of formula-fed infants (P < .05) within the three-hour recording period. Because contractions were similar following the two meals, but a fasting state recurred more rapidly in breast-fed infants, we conclude that factors other than phasic, nonpropagated antroduodenal contractions were responsible for the differences in gastric emptying between breast milk and formula.

Human Breast Milk Contains Bovine lgG. Relationship to Infant Colic?

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 439-444
Author(s):  
Patrick S. Clyne ◽  
Anthony Kulczycki
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Infant Colic ◽  
Β Lactoglobulin

Previous studies have suggested that an unidentified cow's milk protein, other than β-lactoglobulin and casein, might play a pathogenetic role in infant colic. Therefore, a radioimmunoassay was used to analyze human breast milk and infant formula samples for the presence of bovine IgG. Milk samples from 88 of the 97 mothers tested contained greater than 0.1 µg/mL of bovine IgG. In a study group of 59 mothers with infants in the colic-prone 2- to 17-week age group, the 29 mothers of colicky infants had higher levels of bovine IgG in their breast milk (median 0.42 µg/mL) than the 30 mothers of noncolicky infants (median 0.32 µg/mL) (P < .02). The highest concentrations of bovine IgG observed in human milk were 8.5 and 8.2 µg/mL. Most cow's milk-based infant formulas contained 0.6 to 6.4 µg/mL of bovine IgG, a concentration comparable with levels found in many human milk samples. The results suggest that appreciable quantities of bovine IgG are commonly present in human milk, that significantly higher levels are present in milk from mothers of colicky infants, and that bovine IgG may possibly be involved in the pathogenesis of infant colic.

HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA IN BREAST-FED INFANTS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 995-1001
Author(s):  
Arthur J. Newman ◽  
Samuel Gross
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Extensive Investigation ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Breast Fed

The case records of 11 infants with prolonged hyperbilirubinemia have been presented. The elevation of indirect reacting bilirubin in these infants may be due to interference with the normal conjugating mechanism by a substance present in breast milk. Introduction of cow's milk formulas should be carried out as part of any extensive investigation of prolonged hyperbilirubinemia of the indirect type in otherwise well infants who have been wholly breast fed from birth.

ETIOLOGIC FACTORS IN TETANY OF NEWLY BORN INFANTS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1950 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 228-240
Author(s):  
LYTT I. GARDNER ◽  
ELSIE A. MACLACHLAN ◽  
WALTER PICK ◽  
MARY L. TERRY ◽  
ALLAN M. BUTLER
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Newborn Infant ◽  
Neonatal Period ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Human Infant ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Ca:P Ratio

Sixteen cases of neonatal tetany are reported, all of whom were fed cow's milk formulas. Relative to human milk, cow's milk has a low Ca:P ratio and increased total P concentration. These differences are accentuated in some commercial milks prepared for infant feeding. Cow's milk, even if diluted 2:1 with water, is an unphysiologic food for the human infant in the neonatal period, producing elevated serum P and decreased serum Ca and Mg levels. Increasing the Ca:P ratio of cow's milk to that of human milk or dilution 1:2 with water limits the abnormal changes in serum P, Ca and Mg concentrations referred to. A high P diet of an inadequately diluted cow's milk formula causes hypertrophy of the parathyroid glands of the newborn infant. The maximum renal P clearance of the human newborn infant in the first week of life appears to approximate 3500 ml./sq. m./24 hrs. Our observations indicate that when newborn infants are fed cow's milk formulas commonly used in this country limitation in parathyroid and renal function predisposes to tetany. The foregoing data emphasize the physiologic character of human milk for the newborn infant. If breast milk is unavailable, a suitable formula for the neonatal period appears to be cow's milk 1 part, water 2 parts, 10% carbohydrate and Ca-gluconate to produce a Ca:P ration approaching that of breast milk. The added water and Ca should then be gradually reduced.

SERUM MAGNESIUM LEVELS IN THE NEWBORN

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 969-974
Author(s):  
Constantine S. Anast
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Serum Magnesium ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Breast Fed

Two hundred and thirty-eight determinations of serum magnesium levels during the first 4 days of life were carried out on 78 infants. No statistically significant differences were found when these values were compared to those determined in 111 older children and adults. Differences in mean values between any of the first 5 days were not statistically significant nor were any significant differences found when the values of each day were compared with the mean value of older children and adults or the mean value of the cord bloods. The mean values on days 3, 4, and 5 were higher in breast-fed infants than in infants fed evaporated milk. Higher values in breast-fed infants and lower values in evaporated-milk-fed infants on days 3 and 4 when compared to day 1 in the same infant were found in a significant number of cases. The possibility that the observed differences in these two groups of infants may be related to the difference in phosphate to magnesium ratio in cow's milk as compared to human milk is discussed. Further investigation of this problem is needed before definite conclusions can be drawn.

Breast-Feeding: Second Thoughts

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 757-764
Author(s):  
John W. Gerrard
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Allergic Reactions ◽  
Gastrointestinal Infections ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Medical Facilities ◽  
Protection Against Infection ◽  
Breast Fed

A number of studies have shown that breast-feeding not only supplies the infant with nourishment but gives him immunologic protection against infection as well. Breast-fed infants are less likely to develop respiratory and gastrointestinal infections and allergic reactions. Infants slowly develop their own immunologic defenses in the months after birth, and breast-feeding is a hygienic, gradual method of protection during the transition to immunologic independence. Best protection is achieved when the infant receives breast milk alone for, at least, the first six months of life. Pediatricians should be aware that this is particularly important in areas where contamination of cow's milk and other foods is likely and where medical facilities are inadequate.

scholarly journals Eosinophil Cationic Protein in Human Milk Is Associated with Development of Cow's Milk Allergy and Atopic Eczema in Breast-fed Infants

2004 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 296-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela Österlund ◽  
Tanja Smedberg ◽  
Arja Hakulinen ◽  
Hannele Heikkilä ◽  
Kirsi-Marjut Järvinen
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Atopic Eczema ◽  
Eosinophil Cationic Protein ◽  
Cow’S Milk Allergy ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Milk Allergy ◽  
Cationic Protein ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Cow's Milk Allergy ◽  
Breast Fed

The folic acid activity of some milk foods for babies

1968 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Ford ◽  
K. J. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Folic Acid Supplementation ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Acid Supplementation ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Goat’S Milk ◽  
Liquid Milk ◽  
Goat's Milk

SummaryFolic acid activity was determined for National Dried Milk and for 5 proprietary dried milk foods for babies, for a proprietary liquid milk baby food and for 8 brands of tinned evaporated milk. For comparison, values were determined for mature breast milk, for raw bulk cow's milk, for bottled pasteurized cow's milk and for goat's milk.Human milk and raw and pasteurized cow's milk all had much the same folate activity, equivalent to about 54 µg folic acid/1. Values for goat's milk were much lower, around 6 µg/1.Values for the reconstituted baby milks ranged from 9 to 65 µg/1, though only 2 of the products had markedly lower values than breast milk. The question is discussed whether the folic acid requirement in infants can be met by formulas based on cow's milk without having recourse to folic acid supplementation.

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