Accidental Childhood Iron Poisoning: A Problem of Marketing and Labeling

Accidental iron poisoning still represents a significant hazard in children less than 5 years of age. The problem is compounded by the attractiveness of dosage forms, their high availability, and ambiguities in product labeling. Manufacturers accentuate label ambiguity by not specifically designating the iron as being total elemental iron or iron compound. A list of products that contain iron has been prepared to help clarify this issue.

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Non-suicidal intentional ingestion of iron tablets and severe intoxication: the result of adolescent boy’s impulsive risky behaviour in the school

International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics ◽

10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20214541 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (12) ◽

pp. 1987

Author(s):

Krutika Rahul Tandon ◽

Rahul Tandon ◽

Amola Khandwala ◽

Tanvi Mehta

Keyword(s):

Therapeutic Drug ◽

Iron Level ◽

Risky Behaviour ◽

Elemental Iron ◽

Cellular Processes ◽

Intentional Ingestion ◽

Lactating Mothers ◽

Severe Intoxication ◽

Iron Poisoning ◽

Supportive Management

Acute iron poisoning is a potentially fatal intoxication in children. As the Iron preparations are commonly administered to pregnant women, lactating mothers, toddlers, it is easily available at home. So younger children are prone to consume it accidently. Although iron is a therapeutic drug in recommended dosages, excessive iron in the free state can produce toxicity by affecting multiple cellular processes by catalysing redox reactions with lipid peroxidation and free radical formation. The severity of intoxication depends on the amount of elemental iron ingested. Serious toxicity is usually associated with a dose of >40 mg/kg of elemental iron. Levels more than 100 mg/kg are almost always fatal. We report a case where a 12-year male child intentionally taken 60 tablets of iron (ferrous fumarate) at his school as a part of competition or bet to other schoolmate and presented with acute iron poisoning with hepatic encephalopathy to us. Important initial laboratory parameters were AST-4,879 U/L, Prothrombin time-60 sec and Iron level-213 microgram/dl. With timely specific management i.e., deferoxamine infusion along with all required intensive care supportive management in PICU the patient was discharged successfully. We chose to report this case to highlight the risky behaviour of adolescence who usually grows physically and emotionally earlier but their prefrontal lobes are yet immature to take proper and correct decision. Thus, impulse activity may prove fatal for them.

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Alginate beads as a carrier for omeprazole/SBA-15 inclusion compound: A step towards the development of personalized paediatric dosage forms

Carbohydrate Polymers ◽

10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.07.064 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 133 ◽

pp. 464-472 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Pasquale Del Gaudio ◽

Felicetta De Cicco ◽

Francesca Sansone ◽

Rita Patrizia Aquino ◽

Renata Adami ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Inclusion Compound ◽

Alginate Beads ◽

Dosage Forms ◽

Compound A

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Acute Iron Poisoning in Children

Clinics in Laboratory Medicine ◽

10.1016/s0272-2712(18)30919-3 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 575-586 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Fred M. Henretig ◽

Anthony R. Temple

Keyword(s):

Iron Poisoning ◽

Poisoning In Children

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Die anti-entzündliche Wirkung des selektiven Glukokortikoid Rezeptor Agonisten (SEGRAs) Compound A erfolgt ohne Beeinträchtigung der TGF-β vermittelten Wundheilung

Zeitschrift für Gastroenterologie ◽

10.1055/s-0030-1263730 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 48 (08) ◽

Author(s):

KC Reuter ◽

SM Loitsch ◽

W Eberhardt ◽

D Steinhilber ◽

JM Stein

Keyword(s):

Compound A

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Kinetics of Various 99mTc-Sn-Pyrophosphate Compounds in the Rat

Nuklearmedizin ◽

10.1055/s-0037-1620623 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 16 (04) ◽

pp. 157-162 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

C. Schümichen ◽

B. Mackenbrock ◽

G. Hoffmann

Keyword(s):

Normal Saline ◽

Half Life ◽

Compound A ◽

Short Half Life ◽

Low Concentrations ◽

The Stability ◽

Kinetics Of ◽

In Vitro Stability

SummaryThe bone-seeking 99mTc-Sn-pyrophosphate compound (compound A) was diluted both in vitro and in vivo and proved to be unstable both in vitro and in vivo. However, stability was much better in vivo than in vitro and thus the in vitro stability of compound A after dilution in various mediums could be followed up by a consecutive evaluation of the in vivo distribution in the rat. After dilution in neutral normal saline compound A is metastable and after a short half-life it is transformed into the other 99mTc-Sn-pyrophosphate compound A is metastable and after a short half-life in bone but in the kidneys. After dilution in normal saline of low pH and in buffering solutions the stability of compound A is increased. In human plasma compound A is relatively stable but not in plasma water. When compound B is formed in a buffering solution, uptake in the kidneys and excretion in urine is lowered and blood concentration increased.It is assumed that the association of protons to compound A will increase its stability at low concentrations while that to compound B will lead to a strong protein bond in plasma. It is concluded that compound A will not be stable in vivo because of a lack of stability in the extravascular space, and that the protein bond in plasma will be a measure of its in vivo stability.

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Kinetics of Various 99mTc-Sn-Pyrophosphate Compounds in the Rat

Nuklearmedizin ◽

10.1055/s-0037-1620616 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 16 (03) ◽

pp. 100-103 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

C. Schümichen ◽

J. Waiden ◽

G. Hoffmann

Keyword(s):

Glomerular Filtration ◽

Renal Clearance ◽

Plasma Protein ◽

Kinetic Data ◽

Adult Rats ◽

Compound A ◽

Extravascular Space ◽

Tubular Cells ◽

Glomerular Filtrate ◽

Kinetics Of

SummaryThe kinetic data of two different 99mTc-Sn-pyrophosphate compounds (compound A and B) were evaluated in non-adult rats. Only compound A concentrated in bone. Both compounds dispersed rapidly in the intravascular as well as the extravascular space. The plasma protein bond of both compounds increased with time after injection and impaired both the renal clearance of both compounds and the bone clearance of compound A. The renal clearance of both compounds was somewhat above that of 5 1Cr-EDTA. It is concluded that compound A and B is mainly excreted by glomerular filtration. About one fourth of the glomerular filtrate of compound B is reabsorbed and accumulated by the tubular cells.

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