Hearing Disorders

1993 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-49
Author(s):  
Isabelle Rapin
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Sound Waves ◽  
Hearing Disorders ◽  
Perceptual Disorders ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Human Attributes ◽  
Conductive Hearing

Definition Hearing is the usual channel for acquisition of this most important of human attributes, language. Language enables humans to communicate at a distance and across time and has played a decisive role in the development of society and its many cultures. Language is the major channel through which children learn about what is not immediately evident, and it plays a central role in thinking and cognition. Because speech is the chief vehicle for communication in all families (except those in which the parents are deaf), deafness is a profound handicap whose effects greatly transcend the inability to speak. Responsibility for detecting hearing loss in infancy rests on the primary physician, inasmuch as early diagnosis and appropriate habilitation will prevent the most serious consequences of infantile hearing loss: growing up without language. Two primary types of hearing loss are attributable to disease of the ear: conductive hearing loss, a deficiency in the transduction of energy in the form of sound waves in air to hydraulic waves in the inner ear; and sensorineural hearing loss, inadequate transduction of these waves to neural activity. Other disorders of hearing include cortical hearing impairment and perceptual disorders. Although much is said about perceptual disorders by educators, such disorders probably play a minor role in the genesis of learning disabilities and will not be addressed in this review, which focuses on severe-to-profound hearing losses.

Ears

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Pruitt ◽  
Thomas Osborne Stair
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Sensorineural Hearing Loss ◽  
Acoustic Trauma ◽  
Tympanic Membrane Perforation ◽  
Sensorineural Hearing ◽  
Hearing Disorders ◽  
High Frequency Hearing Loss ◽  
Membrane Perforation ◽  
Acute Hearing Loss ◽  
Conductive Hearing

As the structure of the ear is made of little more than cartilage, a limited blood supply, and a thin layer of skin, trauma in this area can easily manifest from a variety of causes. Some common examples of trauma involve laceration, piercing (intentional or otherwise), infection causing chondritis, blunt trauma causing necrosis, rupture of the tympanic membrane, perforation of the ear drum, and acoustic trauma that may result in hearing disorders such as tinnitus and high-frequency hearing loss. Acute hearing loss shows in two forms: conductive hearing loss and sensorineural hearing loss, the latter of which is caused by damage to the anatomic or neurologic structures of the ear dedicated to hearing. Sensorineural hearing loss generally has a poor prognosis and mandates prompt referral to an otolaryngologist.  This review contains 4 figures, 13 tables, and 32 references. Keywords: Ear, auricular canal, trauma, otitis media, otitis externa, hearing loss, mastoiditis, cerumen, impaction

Evaluating the Frequency of Ear Problems in Patients with Cleft Lip and Palate

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Mirashrafi ◽  
Babak Saedi ◽  
Mahtab Rabbani Anari ◽  
Gholamreza Garmaroudi ◽  
Roja Toosi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Cleft Palate ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Cleft Lip And Palate ◽  
Conductive Hearing Loss ◽  
Otitis Media With Effusion ◽  
Pure Tone Audiometry ◽  
Hearing Disorders ◽  
Conductive Hearing

Background: Orofacial cleft is one of the most common congenital malformations of craniofacial region. Otitis media with effusion causing conductive hearing loss is a considerable challenge for many children with cleft lip and palate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of hearing disorders and associated malformations in these patients. Methods: The research population consisted of patients with cleft palate, between years 2012 and 2014, who were referred to Children’s Medical Center and Vali-e-Asr hospital in Tehran, Iran. Otoscopic examination, tympanometry, pure tone audiometry and echocardiography were performed for each patient. Results: Among patients with cleft palate, 73% suffered from hearing disorders. There was no relationship between prevalence of hearing loss and sex, presence of other congenital anomalies and degree of cleft, but middle ear diseases were significantly higher in children younger than 2 years. Among patients with cleft lip or palate, 10% suffered from cleft lip, 63% suffered from cleft palate and 27% suffered from cleft lip and palate. There was at least one congenital anomaly in 53% of patients. Conclusion: This study demonstrates high prevalence of otitis media with effusion and conductive hearing loss in patients with cleft. However, audiologic problems are alleviated when patients become older.

Brain Stem Auditory Evoked Response

1979 ◽  
Vol 88 (4_suppl) ◽  
pp. 22-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin T. Kavanagh ◽  
James V. Beardsley
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Conductive Hearing Loss ◽  
Cochlear Function ◽  
Hearing Disorders ◽  
Auditory Evoked Responses ◽  
Auditory Evoked Response ◽  
Conductive Component ◽  
Low Amplitude ◽  
Conductive Hearing

Brain stem auditory evoked responses (BAER) elicited by bone-conducted click stimuli were studied in 37 subjects. This technique was plagued with problems such as: low amplitude, poor wave configuration, and calibration difficulties. The authors found the technique of limited value in differentiating conductive from neurosensory hearing disorders in all but severely affected subjects. It can, however, evaluate cochlear function in the presence of a known severe conductive hearing loss, ie, external ear atresia. If an abnormal bone-conducted BAER is obtained the etiology of this abnormality (cochlear vs. retrocochlear) cannot be ascertained because a wave I is rarely elicited in individuals with neurosensory hearing disorders. In subjects with a severe conductive hearing loss, air-conduction elicited markedly prolonged wave V latencies. Such a marked prolongation was not observed in individuals with peripheral neurosensory loss and when present signified that a subject had a major conductive component to his hearing disorder. The authors also believe that all control subjects should be established as normal with an audiogram and not by an otologic history or auditory (subjective) click thresholds.

Imaging of the Temporal Bone

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Pruitt
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Sensorineural Hearing Loss ◽  
Acoustic Trauma ◽  
Tympanic Membrane Perforation ◽  
Sensorineural Hearing ◽  
Hearing Disorders ◽  
High Frequency Hearing Loss ◽  
Membrane Perforation ◽  
Acute Hearing Loss ◽  
Conductive Hearing

As the structure of the ear is made of little more than cartilage, a limited blood supply, and a thin layer of skin, trauma in this area can easily manifest from a variety of causes. Some common examples of trauma involve laceration, piercing (intentional or otherwise), infection causing chondritis, blunt trauma causing necrosis, rupture of the tympanic membrane, perforation of the ear drum, and acoustic trauma that may result in hearing disorders such as tinnitus and high-frequency hearing loss. Acute hearing loss shows in two forms: conductive hearing loss and sensorineural hearing loss, the latter of which is caused by damage to the anatomic or neurologic structures of the ear dedicated to hearing. Sensorineural hearing loss generally has a poor prognosis and mandates prompt referral to an otolaryngologist.  This review contains 4 figures, 13 tables, and 32 references. Keywords: Ear, auricular canal, trauma, otitis media, otitis externa, hearing loss, mastoiditis, cerumen, impaction

Ears

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Pruitt ◽  
Thomas Osborne Stair
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Sensorineural Hearing Loss ◽  
Acoustic Trauma ◽  
Tympanic Membrane Perforation ◽  
Sensorineural Hearing ◽  
Hearing Disorders ◽  
High Frequency Hearing Loss ◽  
Membrane Perforation ◽  
Acute Hearing Loss ◽  
Conductive Hearing

As the structure of the ear is made of little more than cartilage, a limited blood supply, and a thin layer of skin, trauma in this area can easily manifest from a variety of causes. Some common examples of trauma involve laceration, piercing (intentional or otherwise), infection causing chondritis, blunt trauma causing necrosis, rupture of the tympanic membrane, perforation of the ear drum, and acoustic trauma that may result in hearing disorders such as tinnitus and high-frequency hearing loss. Acute hearing loss shows in two forms: conductive hearing loss and sensorineural hearing loss, the latter of which is caused by damage to the anatomic or neurologic structures of the ear dedicated to hearing. Sensorineural hearing loss generally has a poor prognosis and mandates prompt referral to an otolaryngologist.  This review contains 4 figures, 13 tables, and 32 references. Keywords: Ear, auricular canal, trauma, otitis media, otitis externa, hearing loss, mastoiditis, cerumen, impaction

The Effect of Path Length and Display Size on Memory for Spatial Information

2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 147-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Guérard ◽  
Sébastien Tremblay
Keyword(s):  
Path Length ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Recall Performance ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Length Effect ◽  
Serial Memory ◽  
Fixed Reference ◽  
A Minor

In serial memory for spatial information, some studies showed that recall performance suffers when the distance between successive locations increases relatively to the size of the display in which they are presented (the path length effect; e.g., Parmentier et al., 2005) but not when distance is increased by enlarging the size of the display (e.g., Smyth & Scholey, 1994). In the present study, we examined the effect of varying the absolute and relative distance between to-be-remembered items on memory for spatial information. We manipulated path length using small (15″) and large (64″) screens within the same design. In two experiments, we showed that distance was disruptive mainly when it is varied relatively to a fixed reference frame, though increasing the size of the display also had a small deleterious effect on recall. The insertion of a retention interval did not influence these effects, suggesting that rehearsal plays a minor role in mediating the effects of distance on serial spatial memory. We discuss the potential role of perceptual organization in light of the pattern of results.

Use of Different Tissue Thromboplastins in the Control of Anticoagulant-Therapy

1958 ◽  
Vol 02 (05/06) ◽  
pp. 462-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Verstraete ◽  
Patricia A. Clark ◽  
Irving S. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Prothrombin Time ◽  
Anticoagulant Therapy ◽  
Factor Vii ◽  
Rabbit Brain ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Rabbit Lung ◽  
Coagulation Mechanism ◽  
Time Test ◽  
The One ◽  
A Minor

SummaryAn analysis of the results of prothrombin time tests with different types of thromboplastins sheds some light on the problem why the administration of coumarin is difficult to standardize in different centers. Our present ideas on the subject, based on experimental data may be summarized as follows.Several factors of the clotting mechanism are influenced by coumarin derivatives. The action of some of these factors is by-passed in the 1-stage prothrombin time test. The decrease of the prothrombin and factor VII levels may be evaluated in the 1-stage prothrombin time determination (Quick-test). The prolongation of the prothrombin times are, however, predominantly due to the decrease of factor VII activity, the prothrombin content remaining around 50 per cent of normal during an adequate anticoagulant therapy. It is unlikely that this degree of depression of prothrombin is of major significance in interfering with the coagulation mechanism in the protection against thromboembolism. It may, however, play a minor role, which has yet to be evaluated quantitatively. An exact evaluation of factor VII is, therefore, important for the guidance of anticoagulant therapy and the method of choice is the one which is most sensitive to changes in factor VII concentration. The 1-stage prothrombin time test with a rabbit lung thromboplastin seems the most suitable method because rabbit brain preparations exhibit a factor VII-like activity that is not present in rabbit lung preparations.

Produktivkraft als Versprechen

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (185) ◽  
pp. 621-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Siefkes
Keyword(s):  
Private Consumption ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Progressive Reduction ◽  
Internal Forces ◽  
A Minor

The ‘Fragment on Machines’ from Marx’s Grundrisse is often cited as an argument that the internal forces of capitalism will lead to its doom. But the argument that the progressive reduction of labor must doom capitalism lacks a proper foundation, as a comparison with the ‘Schemes of Reproduction’ given in Capital II shows. The latter, however, aren’t fully convincing either. In reality, more depends on the private consumption of capitalists than either model recognizes. Ultimately, most can be made of the ‘Fragment on Machines’ by reading it not as an exposure of capitalism’s internal contractions, but as a discussion of a possible communist future where labor (or work) will play but a minor role.

Effects of Myo-inositol Alone and in Combination with Seleno-Lmethionine on Cadmium-Induced Testicular Damage in Mice

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 311-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salvatore Benvenga ◽  
Antonio Micali ◽  
Giovanni Pallio ◽  
Roberto Vita ◽  
Consuelo Malta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Natural Antioxidants ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Testosterone Levels ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Testicular Lesions ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Immunohistochemical Analyses

Background: Cadmium (Cd) impairs gametogenesis and damages the blood-testis barrier. Objective: As the primary mechanism of Cd-induced damage is oxidative stress, the effects of two natural antioxidants, myo-inositol (MI) and seleno-L-methionine (Se), were evaluated in mice testes. Methods: Eighty-four male C57 BL/6J mice were divided into twelve groups: 0.9% NaCl (vehicle; 1 ml/kg/day i.p.); Se (0.2 mg/kg/day per os); Se (0.4 mg/kg/day per os); MI (360 mg/kg/day per os); MI plus Se (0.2 mg/kg/day); MI plus Se (0.4 mg/kg/day); CdCl2 (2 mg/kg/day i.p.) plus vehicle; CdCl2 plus MI; CdCl2 plus Se (0.2 mg/kg/day); CdCl2 plus Se (0.4 mg/kg/day); CdCl2 plus MI plus Se (0.2 mg/kg/day); and CdCl2 plus MI plus Se (0.4 mg/kg/day). After 14 days, testes were processed for biochemical, structural and immunohistochemical analyses. Results: CdCl2 increased iNOS and TNF-α expression and Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, lowered glutathione (GSH) and testosterone, induced testicular lesions, and almost eliminated claudin-11 immunoreactivity. Se administration at 0.2 or 0.4 mg/kg significantly reduced iNOS and TNF-α expression, maintained GSH, MDA and testosterone levels, structural changes and low claudin-11 immunoreactivity. MI alone or associated with Se at 0.2 or 0.4 mg/kg significantly reduced iNOS and TNF-α expression and MDA levels, increased GSH and testosterone levels, ameliorated structural organization and increased claudin-11 patches number. Conclusion: We demonstrated a protective effect of MI, a minor role of Se and an evident positive role of the association between MI and Se on Cd-induced damages of the testis. MI alone or associated with Se might protect testes in subjects exposed to toxicants, at least to those with behavior similar to Cd.

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