Giardiasis

1993 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 284-285
Author(s):  
James Seidel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
National Parks ◽  
Day Care ◽  
Sexual Transmission ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
The United States ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Day Care Centers ◽  
Care Facilities ◽  
Stool Specimens

Giardiasis is caused by infection with the protozoan parasite Giardia lamblia, also called Giardia intestinalis in Europe. Epidemiology Giardia infections are ubiquitous, and outbreaks occur in developed and underdeveloped nations throughout the world. Infection results from ingestion of cysts, usually contained in water or food, on hands, or on fomites contaminated with feces. The parasite is found in about 4% of stool specimens submitted to laboratories in the United States and is the most common parasite isolated. The exact prevalence of the infection in the United States is not known because it is not reportable in all states and may be difficult to isolate in the laboratory. Epidemic giardiasis in day care centers was first reported in 1977, with infection rates varying from 0 to 25%. Most children have symptoms. Chronic passage of cysts by some preschool children in day care facilities is found 5 to 6 months after the initial diagnosis, either because of continued transmission or chronic infection. Prevalence rates decline when children are toilet-trained. Sexual transmission may occur in heterosexual or homosexual contacts. Campers and hikers are at risk because of vertical transmission from animals, and waterborne outbreaks in national parks have been reported. In addition, many outbreaks have been attributed to municipal water supplies that have not been treated with flocculation or filtration.

Infectious Diseases and Child Day Care

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-139
Author(s):  
Richard A. Goodman ◽  
Michael T. Osterholm ◽  
Dan M. Granoff ◽  
Larry K. Pickering
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Day Care ◽  
The United States ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Day Care Centers ◽  
Child Day Care ◽  
Recent Interest ◽  
Care Facilities ◽  
Control And Prevention

The number of day care centers and home care facilities has steadily increased in the United States. Recent interest has focused on the possible relationship between attendance at child day care facilities and the occurrence of certain infectious diseases. A variety of infectious agents have been reported as causes of illness among children and staff in day care programs. In general, however, concurrent risks for these infections among children attending and those not attending day care programs have not been established by prospective studies. A review is made of the pathogens that have been associated with infections in day care settings, patterns of occurrence of infectious diseases in day care facilities, aspects of control and prevention of these diseases, and controversies related to infectious diseases in child day care facilities. Aspects of this problem that warrant further research are outlined.

Smoking Policies of Licensed Child Day-Care Centers in the United States

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 460-463
Author(s):  
David E. Nelson ◽  
Jeffrey J. Sacks ◽  
David G. Addiss
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Environmental Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Day Care ◽  
The United States ◽  
Tobacco Smoke Exposure ◽  
Day Care Centers ◽  
Child Day Care ◽  
Smoking Policies ◽  
Child Day Care Centers

The authors analyzed data from a national survey of 2003 directors of licensed child day-care centers to determine employee smoking policies, measure compliance with state and local employee smoking regulations for child day-care centers and state clean indoor air laws, and to estimate the extent of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in these settings. Forty states regulated employee smoking in child day-care centers, but only three states required day-care centers to be smoke-free indoors. More than 99% of licensed child day-care centers had employee smoking policies that complied with the appropriate state or local smoking regulations. Nearly 55% of centers were smoke-free indoors and outdoors, and 26% were smoke-free indoors only. The best predictors of more stringent employee smoking policies were location in the West or South, smaller size, independent ownership, or having written smoking policies. Despite the presence of strong smoking policies at the majority of licensed child day-care centers, more than 752000 children in the United States are at risk for environmental tobacco smoke exposure in these settings. Health care professionals and parents should insist that child day-care centers be smoke-free indoors and, preferably, smoke-free indoors and outdoors.

scholarly journals The Effectiveness of Contact Precautions on Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Long-term Care Across the United States

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (7) ◽  
pp. 1676-1683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J Morgan ◽  
Min Zhan ◽  
Michihiko Goto ◽  
Carrie Franciscus ◽  
Bruce Alexander ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Long Term Care ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
The United States ◽  
Standard Precautions ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Contact Precautions ◽  
Care Facilities

Abstract Background Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a common cause of health care–associated infections in long-term care facilities (LTCFs). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends contact precautions for the prevention of MRSA within acute care facilities, which are being used within the United States Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) for LTCFs in a modified fashion. The impact of contact precautions in long-term care is unknown. Methods To evaluate whether contact precautions decreased MRSA acquisition in LTCFs, compared to standard precautions, we performed a retrospective effectiveness study (pre-post, with concurrent controls) using data from the VA health-care system from 1 January 2011 until 31 December 2015, 2 years before and after a 2013 policy recommending a more aggressive form of contact precautions. Results Across 75 414 patient admissions from 74 long-term care facilities in the United States, the overall unadjusted rate of MRSA acquisition was 2.6/1000 patient days. Patients were no more likely to acquire MRSA if they were cared for using standard precautions versus contact precautions in a multivariable, discrete time survival analysis, controlling for patient demographics, risk factors, and year of admission (odds ratio, 0.97; 95% confidence interval, .85–1.12; P = .71). Conclusions MRSA acquisition and infections were not impacted by the use of active surveillance and contact precautions in LTCFs in the VA.

America's Scientific Treasures

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen M. Cohen ◽  
Brenda H. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
National Parks ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Scientific Interest ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
Travel Guide ◽  
Points Of Interest ◽  
Technological Interest

America’s Scientific Treasures is a comprehensive travel guide, designed for adults, that takes the reader to well-known and lesser-known sites of scientific and technological interest in the United States. The book is divided into nine geographical chapters. Subdivided by states, each chapter is represented by its scientific and technological treasures, including museums, arboretums, zoos, national parks, planetariums, natural or technological points of interest, and the homes of famous scientists. While the book is aimed at adults, many of the sites may also be of interest to teens and younger children. The traveler is provided with essential information, including addresses, telephone numbers, hours of entry, handicapped access, dining facilities, dates open and closed, available public transportation, and websites. Nearly every site included here has been visited by the authors. Although written with scientists in mind, this book is for anyone who likes to travel and visit places of historical and scientific interest. Included are photographs of many sites within each state.

Fauna of the National Parks of the United States

Bird-Banding ◽  
1936 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Margaret Morse Nice ◽  
J. S. Dixon ◽  
George M. Wright ◽  
B. H. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
National Parks ◽  
The United States

scholarly journals Prevalence of advanced directives in the geriatric population with in long-term care facilities in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-178
Author(s):  
Ateequr Rahman ◽  
Druti Shukla ◽  
Lejla Cukovic ◽  
Kirstin Krzyzewski ◽  
Noopur Walia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Long Term Care ◽  
The United States ◽  
Living Wills ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Advanced Directive ◽  
Advanced Directives ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Care Facilities

Advanced directives, such as Living Wills and Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) orders, provide the ability to identify, respect, and implement an individual's wishes for medical care during serious illness or end-of-life care. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of advanced directives amongst the residents of long-term care facilities in the United States. A total of 527 cases were extracted from 2018 National Study of Long-Term Care Providers, which was collected by the National Center for Health Statistics through the surveys of residential care communities and adult day services centers. Advanced directive rates were higher in patients 90 years of age and above as compared to other age groups. Nursing home residents were more likely to have advanced directives than other long term care facilities. There was no significant difference among males and females in the rate of advanced directives. Nursing home and Hospice residents had more advanced directives compared to other facilities. The Black population had the highest rate of advanced directive preparedness. Overall, the finding of this study revealed that there was a significant difference in the preparedness of DNR orders and Living Wills by patient demographics and the type of long-term care facility. Offering advanced directive services at public health/social services facilities can enhance the rate of advanced directive preparedness. Advanced directives ease the stress and anxiety of patients, family, and friends during difficult times.

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