scholarly journals Current issues and gaps in the implementation of rabies prevention in Ukraine in recent decades

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-259
Author(s):  
I. F. Makovska ◽  
T. M. Krupinina ◽  
V. V. Nedosekov ◽  
T. M. Tsarenko ◽  
Y. A. Novohatniy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Awareness ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Human Rabies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Domestic Carnivores ◽  
Rabies Prevention

Ukraine remains the only country in Europe where rabies is widespread among animals and humans. Annually there are about 1,600 rabies cases in animals in Ukraine and sporadic cases in humans have been registered despite the conducting of preventive measures. Therefore, the aim of the study was to inspect the failures in rabies prevention, indicate the top reasons for human cases and highlights the risk of animal attacks in view of their species and geographical distribution in Ukraine during 1996–2020. The following archival state materials were used for analysis: from the Ministry of Health of Ukraine and from the annual reports of oblast departments of the State Service of Ukraine for Food Safety and Consumer Protection. In general, more than 84,000 people (187.4 per 100,000 of the population) were affected by bites or harmful contact with animals every year, among them, 2,155 people were victims of rabid animals. Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) was prescribed annually, on average, for 21,434 patients (25.5% of all victims). Most people were attacked by cats and dogs that had owners (71.5%). The frequency of the proportion of the risk of attacks by rabid dogs on humans was (1:124), from cats (1:25), wild animals (1:7), and farm animals (1:2), but the largest general proportion of animal attacks on people was from dogs – 838,635 attacks (77.7%). Thus, due to the permanently higher level of contact with people, attacks by dogs remains more dangerous. Geographically attacks on humans by domestic carnivores were observed most commonly in the east part of Ukraine due to the high urbanization of the region and the high density of the human population. A large number of attacks by foxes was observed in the west part of Ukraine due to the larger area of forests and fields. During the last 25 years, there have been 63 human rabies cases. The main sources of rabies were dogs (24 cases) and cats (22 cases). The main causes of development of rabies were: failure to receive the PEP due to the absence of a visit to a hospital after an attack of an animal (n = 38), failures in prescribing PEP (n = 15), failure of PEP (n = 10). In conclusion, the gaps in the control measures against rabies are the lack of agreed coordination of inter-sectoral links, the lack of significant efforts to raise public awareness and the lack of funding for prophylaxis programmes for humans and animals. Our future research will be aimed at modelling the transmission of rabies from the pet population to humans.

Challenges facing human rabies control: the Lebanese experience

2013 ◽  
Vol 142 (7) ◽  
pp. 1486-1494 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. BIZRI ◽  
A. ALAWIEH ◽  
N. GHOSN ◽  
A. BERRY ◽  
U. MUSHARRAFIEH
Keyword(s):  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Passive Immunization ◽  
Human Rabies ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
Zoonotic Infections ◽  
Rabies Control ◽  
Animal Bites ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis

SUMMARYRabies is one of the most important zoonotic infections worldwide. The burden of the disease continues to be significant in countries in the Middle East where the most important vector is stray dogs. Control efforts are hindered by lack of awareness and incomplete post-exposure prophylaxis. The aim of this article is to re-assess the situation of rabies in Lebanon and compare it to other Middle Eastern countries. Eight cases of rabies and 5280 incidents of animal bites to humans were reported to the Lebanese Ministry of Public Health between 2001 and 2012. Dogs were the only vector of infection and were responsible for most reported animal bites to humans. An average of 3·2 doses of vaccine per bite was administered as post-exposure prophylaxis. The status of human and canine rabies control, the risks associated with children's behaviour and the hazards of secondary wild reservoirs are discussed. Our data illustrates the importance of prevention through vector control, public awareness and education, and timely administration of active and passive immunization, as well as the significance of regional cooperation and monitoring the circulation of viral variants in wild animals.

scholarly journals History of Rabies Incidence and Rabies Control in Serbia in Support of the Zero by 2030 Campaign to Eliminate Dog-Mediated Human Rabies

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Srđan Stankov ◽  
Dušan Lalošević ◽  
Anthony R. Fooks
Keyword(s):  
Health Department ◽  
Human Rabies ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Canine Rabies ◽  
Rabies Control ◽  
Novi Sad ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Rabies Prevention ◽  
Rabies Vaccination

Urban (principally canine-mediated) rabies has been a public health risk for people living in Serbia for centuries. The first legal act in urban rabies prevention in Serbia was established in 1834 by introducing high taxes for pet dog owners. Five years later in 1839, the first set of literature describing rabies prevention was issued by the health department from The Serbian Ministry of Interior. An overview of cauterization of rabies wounds was presented as the principal method of rabies post exposure prophylaxis. In 1890, a human rabies vaccination was introduced in Serbia with the royal government directive which ordered patients to be treated at the Pasteur Institute in Budapest in receipt of rabies vaccination. Urban (canine) rabies was eliminated during the 1980s, but sylvatic (principally fox-mediated) rabies still prevailed. The last human rabies case was recorded in the Province of Kosovo and Metohija in 1980. Sylvatic rabies in Serbia is in the final stages of elimination by orally vaccinating foxes (Vulpes vulpes). The only published finding of a lyssavirus among Serbian bats was made in 1954 by Dr Milan Nikolić in the vicinity of Novi Sad. In 2006, a comprehensive two-year active surveillance program of lyssaviruses in bats in Serbia was undertaken. In this single study, all of the bats from Serbia tested negative for a lyssavirus.

scholarly journals Benefit–Risk Assessment of the French Surveillance Protocol of Apparently Healthy Biting Dogs and Cats for Human Rabies Prevention

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 132
Author(s):  
Guillaume Crozet ◽  
Tiffany Charmet ◽  
Florence Cliquet ◽  
Emmanuelle Robardet ◽  
Barbara Dufour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Scenario Tree ◽  
Human Rabies ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Benefit Risk Assessment ◽  
Surveillance Protocol ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Apparently Healthy

In France, apparently healthy dogs and cats that bite humans must undergo an observation period of 15 days with three veterinary visits to ascertain that they remain healthy, indicating that no zoonotic transmission of rabies virus occurred via salivary presymptomatic excretion. This surveillance protocol is mandatory for all pets that have bitten humans, despite France’s rabies-free status in non-flying mammals (i.e., a very low rabies risk). In this context, we aimed to perform a benefit–risk assessment of the existing regulatory surveillance protocol of apparently healthy biting animals, as well as alternative surveillance protocols. A scenario-tree modelling approach was used to consider the possible successions of events between a dog or cat bite and a human death attributed to either rabies or to lethal harm associated with the surveillance protocol (e.g., lethal traffic accidents when traveling to veterinary clinics or anti-rabies centers). The results demonstrated that the current French surveillance protocol was not beneficial, as more deaths were generated (traffic accidents) than avoided (by prompt post-exposure prophylaxis administration). We showed here that less stringent risk-based surveillance could prove more appropriate in a French context. The results in this study could allow policy-makers to update and optimize rabies management legislation.

scholarly journals Post-exposure prophylaxis vaccination rate and risk factors of human rabies in mainland China: a meta-analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Wang ◽  
X. F. Zhang ◽  
H. Jin ◽  
X. Q. Cheng ◽  
C. X. Duan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Vaccination Rate ◽  
Human Rabies ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis

AbstractRabies is one of the major public health problems in China, and the mortality rate of rabies remains the highest among all notifiable infectious diseases. A meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) vaccination rate and risk factors for human rabies in mainland China. The PubMed, Web of Science, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Science and Technology Periodical and Wanfang databases were searched for articles on rabies vaccination status (published between 2007 and 2017). In total, 10 174 human rabies cases from 136 studies were included in this meta-analysis. Approximately 97.2% (95% confidence interval (CI) 95.1–98.7%) of rabies cases occurred in rural areas and 72.6% (95% CI 70.0–75.1%) occurred in farmers. Overall, the vaccination rate in the reported human rabies cases was 15.4% (95% CI 13.7–17.4%). However, among vaccinated individuals, 85.5% (95% CI 79.8%–83.4%) did not complete the vaccination regimen. In a subgroup analysis, the PEP vaccination rate in the eastern region (18.8%, 95% CI 15.9–22.1%) was higher than that in the western region (13.3%, 95% CI 11.1–15.8%) and this rate decreased after 2007. Approximately 68.9% (95% CI 63.6–73.8%) of rabies cases experienced category-III exposures, but their PEP vaccination rate was 27.0% (95% CI 14.4–44.9%) and only 6.1% (95% CI 4.4–8.4%) received rabies immunoglobulin. Together, these results suggested that the PEP vaccination rate among human rabies cases was low in mainland China. Therefore, standardised treatment and vaccination programs of dog bites need to be further strengthened, particularly in rural areas.

scholarly journals Human rabies post-exposure prophylaxis relative to the disease epidemiological status

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 315-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Fonseca Martins da Costa Andrade ◽  
Taísa Santos de Melo Andrade ◽  
Luzia Helena Queiroz
Keyword(s):  
Rabies Vaccine ◽  
Human Rabies ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
Paulo State ◽  
Technical Manual ◽  
Prophylactic Measures ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Main City ◽  
Technical Recommendations

Abstract This study evaluated the prophylactic measures adopted after attacks by dogs and cats in the main city of Northwester São Paulo State, based on the technical manual for post-exposure treatment, considering the not controlled (1990-1996) and controlled (1997-2010) rabies status. A retrospective analysis was done using the data from the SINAN records (W64-CID10) between 1990 and 2010. In most cases, the accidents were mild (76.9%), and biting animals were healthy (75.4%); therefore, no treatment was needed in 53.3% of the cases. In 64.6% of cases, the prescribed PEP treatment was inappropriate. The most indicated PEP treatments consisted of vaccine and RIG (43.4%), and either three doses of mouse brain vaccine or two doses of cell culture vaccine (76.5%), during the not controlled and controlled rabies periods, respectively. The treatment was more appropriate and followed the technical recommendations during controlled rabies periods compared to not controlled (p < 0.0001) periods. However, excessive application of RIG and rabies vaccine was observed in both periods.

scholarly journals Human rabies post exposure prophylaxis at the Pasteur Institute of Dakar, Senegal: trends and risk factors

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mamadou Korka Diallo ◽  
Alpha Oumar Diallo ◽  
Anta Dicko ◽  
Vincent Richard ◽  
Emmanuelle Espié
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Human Rabies ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Pasteur Institute ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis

High time to prioritize rabies prevention—a new paradigm

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Steffen ◽  
Davidson H Hamer
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
High Time ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
Rabies Exposure ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Rabies Prevention

Almost 500 patients consulted a GeoSentinel clinic annually for post-exposure prophylaxis after a potential rabies exposure as compared to approximately 20 for hepatitis A and 40 for typhoid fever. Travellers’ response after potential rabies exposure is alarmingly inadequate. Thus, rabies pre-exposure prophylaxis should now become the #1 travel vaccine intervention.

scholarly journals Current Rabies Vaccines Do Not Confer Protective Immunity against Divergent Lyssaviruses Circulating in Europe

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 892 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan E. Echevarría ◽  
Ashley C. Banyard ◽  
Lorraine M. McElhinney ◽  
Anthony R. Fooks
Keyword(s):  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Rabies Vaccine ◽  
Human Rabies ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Efficient Tool ◽  
Imported Case ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
European Health ◽  
Preventive Vaccination ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis

The use of the rabies vaccine for post-exposure prophylaxis started as early as 1885, revealing a safe and efficient tool to prevent human rabies cases. Preventive vaccination is the basis for the control of canine-mediated rabies, which has already been eliminated from extensive parts of the world, including Europe. Plans to eliminate canine-mediated human rabies by 2030 have been agreed upon by international organisations. However, rabies vaccines are not efficacious against some divergent lyssaviruses. The presence in European indigenous bats of recently described lyssaviruses, which are not neutralised by antibody responses to existing vaccines, as well as the declaration of an imported case of an African lyssavirus, which also escapes vaccine-derived protection, leaves the European health authorities unable to provide efficacious protective vaccines to some potential situations of human exposure. All these circumstances highlight the need for a universal pan-lyssavirus rabies vaccine, able to prevent human rabies in all circumstances.

Recurrent Temporary Paralysis Reported After Human Rabies Post-Exposure Prophylaxis

2014 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 222-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. M. Dato ◽  
E. R. Campagnolo ◽  
D. U. Shah ◽  
M. J. Bellush ◽  
C. E. Rupprecht
Keyword(s):  
Human Rabies ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis

Problems in human rabies post-exposure prophylaxis management

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saowaluck Tepsumethanon ◽  
Veera Tepsumethanon ◽  
Thanphet Tantawichien ◽  
Kanitta Suwansrinon ◽  
Henry Wilde
Keyword(s):  
Human Rabies ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis
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