This chapter discusses disease entities that are vaccine preventable. Diseases not likely to be seen by physicians because of near eradication include diphtheria, tetanus, polio, and rabies. However, suspected rabies exposure is common, and initiating post-exposure prophylaxis is essential to preventing rabies. Clearly, other diseases that vaccines have reduced but not eliminated, such as pertussis, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, rotavirus, varicella/zoster, pneumococcal disease, meningococcal disease, influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, and tuberculosis, will be encountered. Haemophilus influenzae type b disease may also rarely be seen. There is great potential for physicians to never see a case of measles, mumps, and rubella, but because clusters of parents have chosen to not vaccinate their children, sporadic outbreaks will continue to occur.