¿MULTIPLICAR Tetrastichus howardi (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE) EN LA ORUGA DE LA SEDA AFECTA SU BIOLOGÍA?

RESUMENLa multiplicación sucesiva de parasitoides en hospederos alternativos, puede afectar las características biológicas y comprometer los sistemas de cría masiva de estos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la multiplicación de Tetrastichus howardi (Olliff, 1893) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) en pupas del hospedero alternativo Bombyx mori (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae), durante tres generaciones. Y si eso afecta su desempeño reproductivo, cuando se cría, posteriormente, en pupas del hospedero natural Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius, 1794) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Las informaciones obtenidas en este estudio pueden mejorar y facilitar el control biológico de plagas, principalmente, con la utilización de parasitoides, debido a que T. howardi parasita y se desarrolla en pupas de B. mori. De forma general, la multiplicación de T. howardi durante tres generaciones en pupas del hospedero alternativo B. mori no compromete las características biológicas de este parasitoide cuando se multiplica en su hospedero natural D. saccharalis a los efectos de su utilización en programas de control biológico.ABSTRACTThe successive multiplication of parasitoids in alternative hosts can affect the biological characteristics and compromise the systems for massive rearing. The aim of this study was to evaluate if the multiplication of Tetrastichus howardi (Olliff, 1893) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in pupae of the alternative host Bombyx mori (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) for three generations, affects its reproductive performance, when are reared, then in pupae of the natural host Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius, 1794) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). The information obtained in this study can improve and facilitate the biological control of pests, mainly with the use of parasitoids, due to the fact that T. howardi parasite and develops into pupae of B. mori. In general, the multiplication of T. howardi for three generations in the alternative host pupae of B. mori does not compromise the biological characteristics of this parasitoid when multiplied in its natural host D. saccharalis to the effects of their use in biological control programs.

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Parasitism Capacity of Trichogramma pretiosum and Trichogramma acacioi (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae) on eggs of Sitotroga cerealella (Lep.: Gelechiidae)

Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology ◽

10.1590/s1516-89132008000600021 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 51 (6) ◽

pp. 1249-1254 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Dirceu Pratissoli ◽

José Cola Zanuncio ◽

Ulysses Rodrigues Vianna ◽

Josimar Souza Andrade ◽

Fernando Domingo Zinger ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Sitotroga Cerealella ◽

Alternative Host ◽

Trichogramma Pretiosum ◽

Parasitoid Species ◽

Control Programs ◽

Total Parasitism

The objective of this work was to evaluate the parasitism capacity of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley and T. acacioi Brun, Moraes and Soares (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in eggs of the alternative host Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) aiming to use both species in biological control programs of Nipteria panacea Tierry-Mieg (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). The parasitism rhythm and total parasitism of these parasitoid species were affected by the temperature with higher values during the first 24 h of their life. Parasitism period was longer for T. pretiosum and T. acacioi at the lowest temperature.

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Reproductive performance of Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare and LaSalle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) with previously refrigerated pupae of Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae)

Brazilian Journal of Biology ◽

10.1590/s1519-69842009000400014 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 69 (3) ◽

pp. 865-869 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

FF. Pereira ◽

JC. Zanuncio ◽

JE. Serrão ◽

PL. Pastori ◽

F.S. Ramalho

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Life Cycle ◽

Bombyx Mori ◽

Reproductive Performance ◽

Mass Rearing ◽

Bombyx Mori L

The mass rearing of parasitoids represents a fundamental stage for programmes of biological control. The progeny of the parasitoid Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare and LaSalle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) were evaluated on previously refrigerated pupae of Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae). Forty-eight to 72 hours-old pupae of B. mori were stored at 10 ºC for five, 10, 15 or 20 days and then exposed to parasitism by P. elaeisis females. This parasitoid showed shorter duration of the life cycle when reared on pupae of B. mori which were previously stored at 10 ºC during 15 days. P. elaeisis parasitized 100% of the pupae of B. mori after storage at 10 ºC during all periods with emergence of this parasitoid from 78 to 100% of these pupae. P. elaeisis had a higher number of progeny per pupa of B. mori stored for 15 days at 10 ºC. Pupae of B. mori can be stored for 15 days at 10 ºC before being used to rear P. elaeisis.

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On the coexistence of the cassava mealybug parasitoids Apoanagyrus diversicornis and A. lopezi (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) in their native South America

Bulletin of Entomological Research ◽

10.1017/s0007485300052196 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 86 (1) ◽

pp. 51-59 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Janine W.A.M. Pijls ◽

Jacques J.M. van Alphen

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

South America ◽

Interspecific Competition ◽

Phenacoccus Manihoti ◽

Alternative Host ◽

Parasitoid Species ◽

Alternative Hosts ◽

Cassava Mealybug ◽

Phenacoccus Madeirensis

AbstractThe encyrtid parasitoid Apoanagyrus diversicornis (Howard) (formerly known as Epidinocarsis diversicornis) failed to establish itself in Africa where it was introduced, in addition to A. lopezi De Santis for the biological control of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero. Apoanagyrus lopezi is a better competitor and available evidence suggests that competition prevents the coexistence. Yet, both parasitoid species were reared from P. manihoti in the same locality in their native South America. Competition should prevent coexistence on P. manihoti in South America as well as in Africa. We investigated how A. diversicornis persists in South America. The use of alternative hosts could explain its persistence. We aimed at finding possible alternative hosts for A. diversicornis that can serve as a refuge from competition with A. lopezi. The existing information on the distribution of A. lopezi and A. diversicornis and their known hosts in South America is reviewed. Candidate alternative hosts for A. diversicornis were selected and tested. Alternative hosts should at least be suitable for development of A. diversicornis and unsuitable for development of A. lopezi. Only Phenacoccus herreni Cox & Williams met these requirements. Phenacoccus madeirensis Green, P. solani Ferris and Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell) were unsuitable hosts for both species. In cages with continuous parasitoid populations under strong interspecific competition, A. diversicornis did significantly better if half the population of P. manihoti was replaced by P. herreni. This supports the hypothesis that P. herreni can serve as an alternative host for A. diversicornis in South America and that its presence enhances coexistence of A. diversicornis and A. lopezi. Phenacoccus herreni is absent in Africa.

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Thermal requirements of Trichogramma pretiosum and T. acacioi (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae), parasitoids of the avocado defoliator Nipteria panacea (Lep.: Geometridae), in eggs of two alternative hosts

Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology ◽

10.1590/s1516-89132005000500003 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 48 (4) ◽

pp. 523-529 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Dirceu Pratissoli ◽

José Cola Zanuncio ◽

Ulysses Rodrigues Vianna ◽

Josimar Souza Andrade ◽

Tobias Baruc Moreira Pinon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Natural Enemies ◽

Sitotroga Cerealella ◽

Trichogramma Pretiosum ◽

Degree Days ◽

Alternative Hosts ◽

Control Programs ◽

Thermal Requirements ◽

Anagasta Kuehniella ◽

Lepidoptera Pyralidae

This research studied the thermal requirements of Trichogramma pretiosum and T. acacioi (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), parasitoids of Nipteria panacea (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), with eggs of the alternative hosts Anagasta kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Sitotroga cerealella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) aiming to use these natural enemies in biological control programs of this pest in avocado orchards. T. pretiosum needed 151.83 and 160.04 degree-days, above threshold of 10.70 and 10.75°C, while these values were 158.50 and 155.46 degree-days, above threshold of 10.67 and 10.46°C for T. acacioi when exposed to eggs of A. kuehniella and S. cerealella, respectively.

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Teste de Voo como Critério de Avaliação da Qualidade de Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare & LaSalle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)

EntomoBrasilis ◽

10.12741/ebrasilis.v9i2.571 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 137-139

Author(s):

Elidiane Feltrin-Campos ◽

Priscila Laranjeira Rôdas ◽

Daniele Fabiana Glaeser ◽

Fabrício Fagundes Pereira ◽

Harley Nonato de Oliveira

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Natural Enemies ◽

Evaluation Criteria ◽

Flight Test ◽

Field Conditions ◽

Control Programs ◽

Diatraea Saccharalis ◽

Flight Capacity ◽

Comparable Quality

Resumo. A produção de inimigos naturais com qualidade comparável àqueles encontrados na natureza é primordial para os sistemas de criação de insetos em condições de laboratório, que vise atender a programas de controle biológico. Dentre os indicadores de qualidade de parasitoides, a capacidade de voo é uma característica importante a ser avaliada em laboratório, pois está relacionada à dispersão e alcance de abrigo, alimentos e hospedeiros em condições de campo. Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare & LaSalle é um endoparasitoide gregário, polífago, idiobionte que parasita pupas, principalmente da ordem Lepidoptera. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade da população do parasitoide P. elaeisis, criada em pupas Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) em laboratório pelo teste de voo. Pupas de D. saccharalis com 24 horas de idade foram expostas ao parasitismo por fêmeas de P. elaeisis. Os adultos emergidos foram classificados de acordo com suas posições no interior da Unidade de teste em: voadores, caminhadores e não voadores. A porcentagem dos parasitoides encontrados na tampa (voadores) foi de 51,23%, no anel (caminhadores) de 23,49% e no fundo (não voadores) de 25,26%. Em razão aos percentuais de não voadores observado para outras espécies de parasitoides, o valor constatado para P. elaeisis pode significar uma queda na qualidade desse parasitoide, o que levaria a necessidade de introdução de novos indivíduos coletados em campo para recompor essa qualidade de voo.Flight Test as Evaluation Criteria of the Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare & LaSalle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) QualityAbstract. The production of natural enemies of comparable quality to those found in nature is essential to the creation of systems of insect in laboratory conditions, which object to meet biological control programs. Among the indicators of quality of parasitoids, flight capacity is an important factor to be evaluated in the laboratory feature, because it is related to the dispersion and range of shelter, food and hosts under field conditions. Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare & LaSalle is a gregarious endoparasitoid, polyphagous, idiobionte and parasite pupae, especially the Lepidoptera order. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of the parasitoid P. elaeisis population, created in pupae of Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) laboratory for the flight test. Pupae D. saccharalis with 24 hours of age were exposed to parasitism by females of P. elaeisis. The emerged adults were classified according to their positions within the unit test, flyers, running and not flying. The percentage of parasitoids found on the cover (flying) was 51.23%, the ring (running) of 23.49% and the bottom (non-flying) of 25.26%. Because the percentage of non-flying observed for other species of parasitoids, the value found for P. elaeisis could mean a drop in quality of the parasitoid, which would lead to the need to introduce new individuals collected in the field to restore this quality of flight.

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Development and reproduction of Podisus distinctus (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) fed on larva of Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae)

Brazilian Journal of Biology ◽

10.1590/s1519-69842004000200008 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 64 (2) ◽

pp. 237-242 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

M. C. Lacerda ◽

A. M. R. M. Ferreira ◽

T. V. Zanuncio ◽

J. C. Zanuncio ◽

A. S. Bernardino ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Life Cycle ◽

Relative Humidity ◽

Bombyx Mori ◽

Insect Pests ◽

Males And Females ◽

Heteroptera Pentatomidae ◽

Bombyx Mori L ◽

Chemical Products ◽

Coleoptera Tenebrionidae

Biological control has been reducing the use of chemical products against insect pests, specially predatory Pentatomidae. Species of this group can present high variations in their life cycle as a result of their diet. Thus, the objective of this research was to study nymph development and reproduction of Podisus distinctus (Stäl, 1860) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) fed on Bombyx mori L., 1758 (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) larvae (T1), compared to those fed on Tenebrio molitor L., 1758 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) (T2) and Musca domestica L., 1758 (Diptera: Muscidae) larvae (T3) at a temperature of 25 ± 0.5ºC, relative humidity of 70 ± 2%, and photophase of 12 h. Predators fed on B. mori showed duration of the nymph phase (18.68 ± 1.02) similar to those fed on T. molitor (18.32 ± 1.49). Pre-oviposition and oviposition periods and number of egg masses, besides eggs and nymphs per female, were higher with B. mori (5.83 ± 2.02; 15.00 ± 7.40; 8.42 ± 1.84; 296.69 ± 154.75; and 228.55 ± 141.04, respectively) while longevity of males and females of P. distinctus was 25.76 ± 16.15 and 35.00 ± 16.15 days with T. molitor, and 20.57 ± 13.60 and 23.46 ± 12.35 days with B. mori, respectively.

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The density of females of Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare and LaSalle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) affects their reproductive performance on pupae of Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae)

Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências ◽

10.1590/s0001-37652010000200008 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 82 (2) ◽

pp. 323-331 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Fabricio F. Pereira ◽

José C. Zanuncio ◽

José E. Serrão ◽

Teresinha V. Zanuncio ◽

Dirceu Pratissoli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Relative Humidity ◽

Sex Ratio ◽

Bombyx Mori ◽

Reproductive Performance ◽

Climatic Chamber ◽

Glass Tubes ◽

Bombyx Mori L

Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare and LaSalle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is a gregarious and polyphagous parasitoid mainly of Lepidoptera pupae. The objective of this paper as to study the developent of parasitoid on Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) pupae exposed to one, nine, 18, 27, 36, 45 or 54 female P. elaeisis, respectively. The females of the parasitoid remained in contact with pupae for 24 hours in glass tubes (14.0 x 2.2 cm), packed in a climatic chamber regulated at 25 ± 2°C, 70 ± 10% relative humidity and photo phase of 12 hours. With the exception of density 1:1 (72.72%), in other densities parasitism was 100%. Adults of P. elaeisis did not emerge from pupae at densities of 1:1 and 9:1, but 100.0% of parasitoid emergence was observed at the density of 45:1 and 54.54% at 54:1. The duration of the life cycle of this parasitoid ranged from 20 to 28 days. P. elaeisis produced 49 to 589 descendants per pupa of B. mori. The sex ratio of P. elaeisis ranged from 0.93 ± 0.01 to 0.97 ± 0.01 without differences with 18, 27, 36, 45 and 54 females/host. This parasitoid should be reared with the density of 45 females per pupa of B. mori.

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Comparative biology and ecology of Apanteles flavipes (Cam.) and A. sesamiae Cam. as parasites of graminaceous borers

Bulletin of Entomological Research ◽

10.1017/s0007485300057424 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 61 (1) ◽

pp. 33-40 ◽

Cited By ~ 55

Author(s):

A. I. Mohyuddin

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Sesamia Calamistis ◽

Published Data ◽

Comparative Biology ◽

East African ◽

Diatraea Saccharalis ◽

General Account ◽

Commonwealth Institute

A panteles flavipes (Cam.) and A. sesamiae Cam. are important parasites of graminaceous borers in the Oriental and Ethiopian Regions, respectively. Both have been utilised for biological control. A. sesamiae has become the commonest parasite of Sesamia calamistis Hmps. in Mauritius (Anon., 1954), while A. flavipes has become remarkably successful against Diatraea saccharalis (F.) in Barbados (Simmonds, 1969a). In view of the interest engendered in these parasites, particularly the latter, by these successes, a general account is presented here of their biology, based on published data and on the author's observations at the East African Station (Kawanda, Uganda) of the Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control.

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Reproduction of Ooencyrtus submetallicus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and Trissolcus sp. aff. urichi (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) in Eggs of Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) of Different Ages

Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.5539/jas.v13n10p96 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (10) ◽

pp. 96

Author(s):

Eduardo Carvalho Faca ◽

Fabrício Fagundes Pereira ◽

Winnie Cezario Fernandes ◽

Ivana Fernandes da Silva ◽

Valmir Antônio Costa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Life Cycle ◽

Sex Ratio ◽

Cycle Length ◽

Nezara Viridula ◽

Control Programs ◽

Breeding Methodology ◽

Different Ages ◽

Laboratory Bioassays

The study of the interaction between parasitoid and host, especially the age of these organisms, is an important step towards the implementation of biological control programs. Therefore, we investigated the performance of Ooencyrtus submetallicus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and Trissolcus sp. aff. urichi (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) parasitizing eggs of Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), considering different ages of the parasitoids and the host. We performed four laboratory bioassays: two using females of O. submetallicus and Trissolcus sp. aff. urichi at 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, or 144 hours of age exposed to parasitism in N. viridula eggs (24 h) and two trials with N. viridula eggs at 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, or 144 hours exposed to the parasitism of O. submetallicus and Trissolcus sp. aff. urichi (24 h). We evaluated the percentage of parasitism and emergence, life cycle length, progeny, sex ratio, and the longevity of the parasitoids. The parasitism of O. submetallicus in N. viridula eggs was influenced by the age of the parasitoid, 120 hours being the minimum to obtain better parasitism. From this age on, there is interference in the longevity of the progeny. Trisolcus sp. aff. urichi, at all ages, parasitized N. viridula eggs relatively well, but with almost no emergence of the parasitized eggs. Females of O. submetallicus parasitized and developed in eggs of N. viridula of all ages. Females of Trissolcus sp. aff. urichi parasitized their host, but there was barely any emergence. These pieces of information regarding the breeding methodology contribute to the implementation of new protocols for the multiplication of these parasitoids in the laboratory, and later, their release in the field.

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