scholarly journals A statistics-based review of microgrid protection with a concentration on adaptive protection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amin Damanjani ◽  
Mohamad Hosseini Abardeh ◽  
Azita Azarfar ◽  
Mehrdad Hojjat
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Current Level ◽  
Fault Current ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Distributed Generations ◽  
Protection Scheme ◽  
Adaptive Protection ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
Overcurrent Relays ◽  
Local Generation

AbstractMicrogrid (MG) is a system of production and distribution of electrical energy that can operate both in grid-connected and islanded modes. This capability leads to significant variations in the fault current level. Moreover, dynamic changes corresponding to the line outage contingencies or outages of the distributed generations (DGs) that are implemented for local generation in the MGs lead to the changes in the fault current level. These changes in the fault current level make some miscoordination between the overcurrent relays (OCRs) in the conventional protection schemes. To overcome this drawback, there is a need for an adaptive protection scheme that can adapt to both operational and dynamic changes and takes effective protection decisions accordingly. This paper first presents a statistic-based review of MG and its protection including total publications, type of publications, the ten most researchers, and the ten most sources. Finally, comprehensive remarks of the 30 most cited papers related to adaptive protection of MG are presented. This paper will help the researchers of the MG protection to learn the most desirable techniques and the concentration of studies in adaptive protection of MGs for future works.

scholarly journals Adaptive protection scheme for microgrids

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2.31) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
C Vaithilingam ◽  
Himani Jain ◽  
Medha Ojha ◽  
Meghna Singh ◽  
J Vijay Joseph Samuel
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Power System ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Current Level ◽  
Fault Current ◽  
Protection Scheme ◽  
Adaptive Protection ◽  
Mode Of Operation ◽  
Micro Grids ◽  
Transmission And Distribution

Micro grids are gaining attention to become an integral part of traditional power system, due to their numerous technical benefits and their ability to improve power system reliability.Voltage regulation, reduction in Transmission and distribution losses, reduction in the need for transmission capacity addition etc are the few technical benefits of micrgrids with renewable energy sources. However, a protection scheme that suits a conventional power system will require a major revamp if micro grids need to be interfaced. The power generations of each renewable source, mode of operation of microgrids are the few important factors to be considered to fix the relay settings. The conventional over current protection scheme faces selectivity and sensitivity issues during the grid faults and the microgrid faults, since the fault current level is different in both the cases. Hence, electro mechanical and static relays may not be suitable for the protection of power systems with microgrids. The processor based relays with augmented intelligence, that is, a relaying scheme which can act according to the operating condition need to be developed. This paper proposes an adaptive protection scheme for power systems with microgrids. The proposed method in this paper is tested with a hardware prototype resembles the actual microgrid setup.

scholarly journals Implementation of Optimal Protection Coordination for Microgrids with Distributed Generations Using Quaternary Protection Scheme

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Panida Thararak ◽  
Peerapol Jirapong
Keyword(s):  
Short Circuit ◽  
Short Circuit Current ◽  
Test System ◽  
Distributed Generations ◽  
Protection Scheme ◽  
Protection Systems ◽  
Overcurrent Relays ◽  
Operation Test ◽  
Multiple Relay ◽  
Flexible Operation

The flexible operation of microgrids, along with the availability of distributed generation (DG) units, causes a variety of changes in short-circuit current levels, magnitudes, and directions, which has undesirable effects on the operation of protection systems. Conventional protection schemes use typical directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) with limited operating capability, unable to respond to microgrid operations in the manner of short-circuit current changes. In this paper, a quaternary protection scheme implemented with dual-directional overcurrent relays (dual-DOCR) and a protection control strategy is developed for protecting against faults in microgrids, taking into account the existence of DGs and connection and disconnection of DG units. The optimal dual-DOCRs setting and coordination are formulated as an optimization problem solved by evolutionary programming to minimize the relay operating times. The proposed protection scheme is implemented with a centralized protection control system based on the smart grid concept to increase the adaptability of the dual-DOCRs, which have multiple relay setting groups in accordance with system state changes. The simulation case studies are performed using the IEEE 14-bus test system, which is modified as a meshed microgrid operation. Test scenarios, including possible operations of microgrids, DGs availabilities, and different fault events, are analyzed and discussed. The comparative studies and simulation results show that the proposed scheme provides efficient coordination between the primary and backup relays and increases the responsibility of the protection system, which can be observed from the significant reduction in the relay operating times, resulting in the enhancement of selectivity, sensitivity, and speed of microgrid protection systems.

scholarly journals An Adaptive Protection Scheme for Coordination of Distance and Directional Overcurrent Relays in Distribution Systems Based on a Modified School-Based Optimizer

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (21) ◽  
pp. 2628
Author(s):  
Mohamed Abdelhamid ◽  
Salah Kamel ◽  
Ahmed Korashy ◽  
Marcos Tostado-Véliz ◽  
Fahd A Banakhr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Test System ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Coordination Problem ◽  
Protection Scheme ◽  
School Based ◽  
Adaptive Protection ◽  
Overcurrent Relays ◽  
The Impact

This paper presents an adaptive protection scheme (APS) for solving the coordination problem that deals with coordination directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) and distance relays second zone time, in relation to coordination with DOCRs. The coordination problem becomes more complex with the impact of renewable energy sources (RES) when added to the distribution grid. This leads to a change in the grid topology, caused by the on/off states of the distribution generators (DG). The frequency of topological changes in distribution grids poses a challenge to the power system’s protection components. The change in the state of DGs leads to malfunction in reliability and miscoordination between protection relays, since that causes a direct effect to the short circuit currents. This paper used the school-based optimization (SBO) algorithm, which simulates the educational process, in order to deal with coordination problems. That algorithm is modified (MSBO) by modified both learning and teaching processes. The IEEE 8-bus test system and IEEE 14-bus distribution network are used to validate the proposed coordination system’s effectiveness when dealing with the coordination process between distance and DOCRs, at both the near- and far-end in the typical topological grid and with DGs in working order.

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