Comparison of the Hungarian first order triangulation network with the national GPS network using scale and azimuth differences

This paper deals with some aspects which should be taken into account for the densification of geodetic network using GPS technology, specially in the concern of Earth body tide modes, ambiguity resolution and the variance propagation of the network constrains. Based on trials accomplished for a GPS network, some aspects of GPS network optimization and processing are presented. In network optimization, applied to GPS networks, are presented the Zero Order, First Order and Second Order Problems, showing the needs of planning the GPS observations and processing in such a way that one can reach the required accuracy with high reliability and low costs. In the tests to evaluate the need for applying Earth body tide model, it was verified that it is necessary for baselines longer than 200 km for the majority of network application. It was noticed that the ambiguity solution should always be analyzed before accepting a fixed solution as the best, since the presented results demonstrated that some fixed ambiguities are inconsistent. In the processing trials with fixed constrains (without taken into account the precision) or fiducial constrains (with associated precision), it was noticed that the former provided better dispersion values for the new points, however, the last one provided more reliable values, since the new points have associated with themselves the uncertainty of the datum points.

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Analysis of the Primary and Secondary Control Networks of New Brunswick — Implications for a Readjustment to Satellite Control

The Canadian Surveyor ◽

10.1139/tcs-1971-0029 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

pp. 144-155 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

E. Krakiwsky ◽

G. Konecny

Keyword(s):

New Brunswick ◽

North American ◽

Primary Control ◽

Eastern Canada ◽

Control Networks ◽

First Order ◽

The North ◽

Triangulation Network ◽

Simultaneous Adjustment ◽

Method Of Adjustment

Various problems associated with the adjustment of geodetic control networks in Eastern Canada are discussed. Results of analyses of the primary control networks in New Brunswick indicate that significant distortions are present and are due mainly to the Bowie Method of adjustment used when the 1927 North American Datum was adopted. The “free adjustments” made by the authors show that the proportional accuracy can be improved from the present lowest value of 1:20,000 to as high as 1:200,000. Other analyses cited in the paper indicate that there may be merit in combining first- and second-order control networks in a simultaneous adjustment. Some details are given on merging the first-order terrestrial networks in Eastern Canada with one triangle of the North American satellite triangulation network in a simultaneous adjustment.

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Deformation analysis in central west Bulgaria using triangulation and GPS data

Reports on Geodesy and Geoinformatics ◽

10.2478/rgg-2019-0009 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 108 (1) ◽

pp. 23-26

Author(s):

Nikolay Dimitrov

Keyword(s):

Global Navigation Satellite Systems ◽

Joint Analysis ◽

Deformation Analysis ◽

Satellite Systems ◽

Crustal Movements ◽

First Order ◽

Rotation Rates ◽

Triangulation Network ◽

Angular Measurements ◽

Global Navigation Satellite

AbstractThe article discusses a method applied for combining the results of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and 75-year old triangulation measurements to estimate the crustal movements in central western Bulgaria region. It was examined for joint analysis based on the results of GNSS with angular measurements of the first order triangulation network in Bulgaria during the period 1923–1930 year. As a result of the processing of GNSS and angular measurements, horizontal velocities of 15 points, strain rates, and rotation rates have been obtained. The results show dominating N–S extension at a rate of 1–2 mm/y and the deformation is not uniformly distributed over the studied area. The obtained results indicate the possibility of using old angular measurement of first-order triangulation points, together with GNSS data, to obtain estimates of the horizontal crustal movements.

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Dual systems for all: Higher-order, role-based relational reasoning as a uniquely derived feature of human cognition

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x19000451 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 42 ◽

Author(s):

Daniel J. Povinelli ◽

Gabrielle C. Glorioso ◽

Shannon L. Kuznar ◽

Mateja Pavlic

Keyword(s):

Temporal Reasoning ◽

Higher Order ◽

Important Case ◽

Human Cognition ◽

Relational Reasoning ◽

Dual Systems ◽

First Order ◽

Reasoning System ◽

Role Based

Abstract Hoerl and McCormack demonstrate that although animals possess a sophisticated temporal updating system, there is no evidence that they also possess a temporal reasoning system. This important case study is directly related to the broader claim that although animals are manifestly capable of first-order (perceptually-based) relational reasoning, they lack the capacity for higher-order, role-based relational reasoning. We argue this distinction applies to all domains of cognition.

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Stochasting modeling of planetary ring systems

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s025292110010154x ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 75 ◽

pp. 461-469 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Robert W. Hart

Keyword(s):

Maximum Entropy ◽

Ring System ◽

The Sun ◽

Ultimate State ◽

Interparticle Interactions ◽

Ring Systems ◽

First Order ◽

Planetary Ring ◽

Insight Into

ABSTRACTThis paper models maximum entropy configurations of idealized gravitational ring systems. Such configurations are of interest because systems generally evolve toward an ultimate state of maximum randomness. For simplicity, attention is confined to ultimate states for which interparticle interactions are no longer of first order importance. The planets, in their orbits about the sun, are one example of such a ring system. The extent to which the present approximation yields insight into ring systems such as Saturn's is explored briefly.

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Morphological studies of linear (AB)n multiblock copolymers and their blends

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100122320 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 384-385

Author(s):

Richard J. Spontak ◽

Steven D. Smith ◽

Arman Ashraf

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Microphase Separation ◽

Multiblock Copolymers ◽

First Order ◽

Morphological Studies ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

First Order Phase Transition ◽

Covalently Bonded ◽

Total Molecular Weight ◽

First Order Phase

Block copolymers are composed of sequences of dissimilar chemical moieties covalently bonded together. If the block lengths of each component are sufficiently long and the blocks are thermodynamically incompatible, these materials are capable of undergoing microphase separation, a weak first-order phase transition which results in the formation of an ordered microstructural network. Most efforts designed to elucidate the phase and configurational behavior in these copolymers have focused on the simple AB and ABA designs. Few studies have thus far targeted the perfectly-alternating multiblock (AB)n architecture. In this work, two series of neat (AB)n copolymers have been synthesized from styrene and isoprene monomers at a composition of 50 wt% polystyrene (PS). In Set I, the total molecular weight is held constant while the number of AB block pairs (n) is increased from one to four (which results in shorter blocks). Set II consists of materials in which the block lengths are held constant and n is varied again from one to four (which results in longer chains). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has been employed here to investigate the morphologies and phase behavior of these materials and their blends.

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Exact First Order Finite Element Modeling for Eddy Current NDE

Research in Nondestructive Evaluation ◽

10.1080/09349849108968051 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 235-253 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

L. D. Philipp ◽

Q. H. Nguyen ◽

D. D. Derkacht ◽

D. J. Lynch ◽

A. Mahmood

Keyword(s):

Finite Element ◽

Finite Element Modeling ◽

Eddy Current ◽

Element Modeling ◽

First Order ◽

Eddy Current Nde

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Challenging the Multidimensional Conception of Perceived Person-Environment Fit

European Journal of Psychological Assessment ◽

10.1027/1015-5759/a000622 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Julian M. Etzel ◽

Gabriel Nagy

Keyword(s):

Higher Education ◽

University Students ◽

Educational Outcomes ◽

Factor Model ◽

Higher Order ◽

Substantial Proportion ◽

Unique Variance ◽

First Order ◽

Person Environment Fit ◽

Order Factor

Abstract. In the current study, we examined the viability of a multidimensional conception of perceived person-environment (P-E) fit in higher education. We introduce an optimized 12-item measure that distinguishes between four content dimensions of perceived P-E fit: interest-contents (I-C) fit, needs-supplies (N-S) fit, demands-abilities (D-A) fit, and values-culture (V-C) fit. The central aim of our study was to examine whether the relationships between different P-E fit dimensions and educational outcomes can be accounted for by a higher-order factor that captures the shared features of the four fit dimensions. Relying on a large sample of university students in Germany, we found that students distinguish between the proposed fit dimensions. The respective first-order factors shared a substantial proportion of variance and conformed to a higher-order factor model. Using a newly developed factor extension procedure, we found that the relationships between the first-order factors and most outcomes were not fully accounted for by the higher-order factor. Rather, with the exception of V-C fit, all specific P-E fit factors that represent the first-order factors’ unique variance showed reliable and theoretically plausible relationships with different outcomes. These findings support the viability of a multidimensional conceptualization of P-E fit and the validity of our adapted instrument.

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