Distribution of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript-like immunoreactive (CART-LI) nerve structures in the porcine large intestine

2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 509-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Slawomir Gonkowski ◽  
Piotr Burliński ◽  
Cezary Skobowiat ◽  
Mariusz Majewski ◽  
Marcin Arciszewski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Pattern ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Transverse Colon ◽  
Circular Muscle ◽  
Muscle Layer ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Intestinal Wall ◽  
Circular Muscle Layer ◽  
Mucosal Layer ◽  
Colon And Rectum

The aim of the present study was to investigate the number of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript-like immunoreactive (CART-LI) nerve structures in the large intestine of juvenile pigs. The distribution pattern of CART-LI structures was studied by immunohistochemistry in the circular muscle layer, myenteric (MP), outer submucous (OSP) and inner submucous plexus (ISP) as well as in the mucosal layer of six regions of the large bowel: caecum, centripetal and centrifugal turns of the proximal colon, transverse colon, descending colon and rectum. CART-LI neural structures were observed in all gut fragments studied. CART-LI nerve fibres were numerous within the circular muscle layer and in the MP of all the regions studied, while they were moderate or few in number in other layers of the intestinal wall. The numbers of CART-LI neurons within the MP amounted to 2.02% in the caecum to 7.92% in the rectum, within the OSP from 2.73% in the centrifugal turns of the proximal colon to 5.70% in the rectum, and within the ISP from 2.23% in the transverse colon to 5.32% in the centrifugal turns of the proximal colon. The present study reports for the first time a detailed description of the CART distribution pattern within the enteric nervous system (ENS) of the porcine large intestine.

Inflammation- and axotomy-induced changes in galanin-like immunoreactive (GAL-LI) nerve structures in the porcine descending colon

2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sławomir Gonkowski ◽  
Piotr Burliński ◽  
Cezary Skobowiat ◽  
Mariusz Majewski ◽  
Jarosław Całka
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Pattern ◽  
Circular Muscle ◽  
Muscle Layer ◽  
Immunofluorescence Technique ◽  
Nerve Fibres ◽  
Physiological Conditions ◽  
Circular Muscle Layer ◽  
Mucosal Layer ◽  
Descending Colon ◽  
Induced Changes

This study reports on changes caused by chemically driven inflammation and axotomy in galanin-like immunoreactive (GAL-LI) nerve structures in the porcine descending colon. The distribution pattern of GAL-LI structures was studied using the immunofluorescence technique in the circular muscle layer, the myenteric (MP), outer submucous (OSP) and inner submucous plexuses (ISP), and also in the mucosal layer. Under physiological conditions GAL-LI perikarya were shown to constitute 3.68 ± 0.32%, 7.02 ± 0.93% and 10.99 ± 0.71% in MP, OSP and ISP, respectively. Both colitis and axotomy caused an increase in GAL-like immunoreactivity, which was different in particular parts of the bowel segment studied. The numbers of GAL-LI perikarya increased to 14.16 ± 0.49%, 16.78 ± 1.09% and 37.46 ± 1.18% during colitis and 7.92 ± 0.72%, 10.44 ± 0.71% and 16.20 ± 0.96% after axotomy in MP, OSP and ISP, respectively. Both these processes caused an increase in the number of GAL-LI nerve fibres in the circular muscle and mucosal layers as well as the appearance of a population of GAL-LI cells in the mucosa.

Characterization of the metabolic gradient in cat small intestine by layer fractionation

1961 ◽  
Vol 201 (2) ◽  
pp. 292-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
H L. Dorman ◽  
F. R. Steggerda
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Circular Muscle ◽  
Muscle Layer ◽  
Intestinal Wall ◽  
Circular Muscle Layer ◽  
Tentative Explanation ◽  
Graded Activity ◽  
Mechanical Separation ◽  
Intrinsic Ganglia

Gradations in oxygen consumption were observed in preparations of intact segments and in layer fractions of cat small intestine, which were excised following Nembutal anesthesia. Mechanical separation of the intestinal segments into layers provided a means for localization of these gradients within specific components of the intestinal wall. Gradients were found in segments of the submucosal and mucosal layers and in segments composed of circular muscle, submucosa, and mucosa; but none was observed in segments of the isolated circular muscle layer. Inactivation of one or both intrinsic ganglionic plexuses by mechanical separation abolished the gradient associated with the circular muscle layer. The tentative explanation of these findings is that the existence of a metabolic gradient within the intestine arises from two sources: a) a graded activity within the submucosal mucosal layers and b) a sharply graded differential oxygen consumption within the muscular layers which is controlled by the functional activity of the intrinsic ganglia.

Changes in electrical and mechanical activity during ontogeny of the canine proximal colon

1996 ◽  
Vol 271 (1) ◽  
pp. G184-G191 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Potential ◽  
Circular Muscle ◽  
Electrical Field Stimulation ◽  
Muscle Layer ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Mechanical Activity ◽  
Resting Membrane Potential ◽  
Circular Muscle Layer ◽  
Circular Layer ◽  
Spontaneous Contractions

The ontogenetic development of the circular muscle layer of the canine proximal colon was studied in animals from midway through gestation to 30 days old. With age, there was an increase in resting membrane potential along the submucosal surface and a decrease along the myenteric surface of the circular layer. Coinciding with the changes in membrane potential, slow waves increased in amplitude along the submucosal border and decreased in amplitude along the myenteric border. Muscle strips from animals midway through gestation were mechanically quiescent; however, 1 wk before birth spontaneous activity was observed. Electrical field stimulation of enteric nerves increased spontaneous contractions; this increase in activity was reversed to inhibition by atropine. In the presence of atropine and N omega-nitro-L-arginine or N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, a noncholinergic excitation was revealed at stimulation frequencies > 5 Hz. The results of these studies provide evidence that the canine proximal colon is spontaneously rhythmic and that a functional innervation to the circular muscle layer exists before birth. The gradient in resting membrane potential across the circular layer is absent at birth but develops within 2-3 wk after parturition.

Electrical and mechanical effects of acetylcholine and substance P in subregions of canine colon

1992 ◽  
Vol 262 (2) ◽  
pp. G298-G307 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. D. Keef ◽  
S. M. Ward ◽  
R. J. Stevens ◽  
B. W. Frey ◽  
K. M. Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Substance P ◽  
Circular Muscle ◽  
Muscle Layer ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Slow Waves ◽  
Circular Muscle Layer ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Excitatory Neurotransmitters ◽  
Circular Layer

Effects of acetylcholine (ACh) and substance P on the electrical and mechanical activities of the circular muscle layer of the canine proximal colon were studied. Because this muscle layer is bordered by two different pacemaker regions, responses from segments containing either a single pacemaker region or no pacemaker region were compared with responses of the complete muscle layer. Concentration-response relationships for ACh and substance P were similar between the various segments, suggesting that receptors for these agonists are expressed throughout the layer. The dominant contractile pattern induced by ACh and substance P in each segment was a 1- to 3-cycle/min rhythm. In a like manner, these agonists also elicited an electrical pattern in which a long-duration slow wave occurred one to three times per minute between short-duration slow waves. Low concentrations of nifedipine (0.01 microM) selectively antagonized the 1- to 3-cycle/min rhythm. In circular muscles with no pacemaker region, ACh (1 microM) caused depolarization, induced oscillations in membrane potential averaging 24 +/- 5 mV in amplitude and 2.9 +/- 0.9 cycles/min in frequency, and generated rhythmic contractions at the same frequency. This "interior" circular muscle was functionally innervated by cholinergic excitatory nerves. Exposure to ACh (1 microM) did not alter the conduction of slow waves through the thickness of the circular layer. In summary, the excitatory neurotransmitters, ACh and substance P, induce a dominant electrical and contractile rhythm throughout the circular muscle layer that is different from the spontaneous rhythms produced at either the myenteric or submucosal border.

scholarly journals First reported case of per anal endoscopic myectomy (PAEM): A novel endoscopic technique for resection of lesions with severe fibrosis in the rectum

2017 ◽  
Vol 05 (03) ◽  
pp. E146-E150 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Rahni ◽  
Takashi Toyonaga ◽  
Yoshiko Ohara ◽  
Francesco Lombardo ◽  
Shinichi Baba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Muscle ◽  
Circular Muscle ◽  
Muscle Layer ◽  
Rectal Tumor ◽  
Resection Margins ◽  
Submucosal Layer ◽  
Longitudinal Muscle Layer ◽  
Circular Muscle Layer ◽  
Tunneling Method ◽  
Severe Fibrosis

Background and study aims A 54-year-old man was diagnosed with a rectal tumor extending through the submucosal layer. The patient refused surgery and therefore endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) was pursued. The lesion exhibited the muscle retraction sign. After dissecting circumferentially around the fibrotic area by double tunneling method, a myotomy was performed through the internal circular muscle layer, creating a plane of dissection between the internal circular muscle layer and the external longitudinal muscle layer, and a myectomy was completed.The pathologic specimen verified T1b grade 1 sprouting adenocarcinoma with 4350 µm invasion into the submucosa with negative resection margins.

scholarly journals The transwall gradient across the mouse colonic circular muscle layer is carbon monoxide dependent

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 3840-3849 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Sha ◽  
G. Farrugia ◽  
D. R. Linden ◽  
J. H. Szurszewski
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Circular Muscle ◽  
Muscle Layer ◽  
Circular Muscle Layer

Cholinergic nerve-mediated excitation in the guinea pig choledochoduodenal junction activated by distension

1994 ◽  
Vol 267 (5) ◽  
pp. G938-G946 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Vogalis ◽  
R. R. Bywater ◽  
G. S. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Action Potential ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Discharge Rate ◽  
Circular Muscle ◽  
Muscle Layer ◽  
Circular Muscle Layer ◽  
Circular Layer ◽  
Longitudinal Layer

The electrical basis of propulsive contractions in the guinea pig choledochoduodenal junction (CDJ), which are triggered by distension, was investigated using intracellular microelectrode recording techniques. The isolated CDJ was placed in a continuously perfused tissue chamber at 37 degrees C. Membrane potential was recorded from smooth muscle cells in either the ampulla or in the upper CDJ (upper junction) regions, which were immobilized by pinning. Distension of the upper junction (20-30 s) by increasing intraductal hydrostatic pressure (mean elevation: 2.0 +/- 0.3 kPa, n = 13) triggered "transient depolarizations" (TDs: < 5 mV in amplitude and 2-5 s in duration) and action potentials in the circular muscle layer of the ampulla. The frequency of TDs in the ampulla was increased from 2.2 +/- 0.2 to 15.9 +/- 2.2 min-1 (n = 13) during distension. Simultaneous impalements of cells in the longitudinal and circular muscle layers in the ampulla revealed that subthreshold TDs in the circular layer were associated with an increased rate of action potential discharge in the longitudinal layer. Atropine (Atr; 1.4 x 10(-6) M) and tetrodotoxin (TTX; 3.1 x 10(-6) M blocked the distension-evoked increase in TD frequency, without affecting the frequency of ongoing TDs. The sulfated octapeptide of cholecystokinin (1-5 x 10(-8) M) increased the amplitude of TDs recorded in the circular muscle layer of the ampulla and increased action potential discharge rate. In separate recordings, radial stretch of the ampulla region increased the rate of discharge of action potentials in the smooth muscle of the upper junction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Effects of transmural field stimulation in isolated muscle strips from human esophagus

1990 ◽  
Vol 258 (3) ◽  
pp. G344-G351 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Tottrup ◽  
A. Forman ◽  
P. Funch-Jensen ◽  
U. Raundahl ◽  
K. E. Andersson
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Muscle ◽  
Circular Muscle ◽  
Muscle Layer ◽  
Isometric Tension ◽  
Field Stimulation ◽  
Platinum Electrodes ◽  
Longitudinal Muscle Layer ◽  
Circular Muscle Layer ◽  
Human Esophagus ◽  
40 Hz

Smooth muscle strips representing longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the esophagogastric junction (EGJ) and esophageal body (EB) of the human esophagus were prepared. The strips were mounted in organ baths and isometric tension was recorded. Square wave stimulation was applied through platinum electrodes. Only responses abolished by tetrodotoxin (TTX) were considered neurogenic. Strips taken from longitudinal muscle layers of the EB and EGJ contracted during field stimulation. The responses evoked were abolished by atropine, and optimal frequency of stimulation was 40 Hz. In strips taken from the circular muscle layer of the EB, a contraction occurred after cessation of the stimulus. Atropine inhibited 90% of this response; the optimal stimulation frequency was 40 Hz. When a tone was induced in strips from this layer, a TTX-sensitive relaxation was seen during field stimulation. During stimulation of strips from the EGJ circular muscle layer, which was the only preparation developing spontaneous active tone, a relaxation was seen. A small contraction followed after termination of the stimulus. The relaxation, which was nonadrenergic, noncholinergic, reached maximum at 10 Hz. Atropine inhibited 40% of the contraction. The results suggest that in the longitudinal muscle layer of the human lower esophagus field stimulation causes postganglionic nerves to release transmitter(s) acting on muscarinic receptors. The responses of circular muscle layers seem to be mediated through release of at least two transmitters.

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