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Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Qiqiong Li ◽  
Florence Van Herreweghen ◽  
Marjan De Mey ◽  
Geert Goeminne ◽  
Tom Van de Wiele

The intestinal absorption of dietary catechins is quite low, resulting in most of them being metabolized by gut microbiota in the colon. It has been hypothesized that microbiota-derived metabolites may be partly responsible for the association between catechin consumption and beneficial cardiometabolic effects. Given the profound differences in gut microbiota composition and microbial load between individuals and across different colon regions, this study examined how microbial (+)-catechin metabolite profiles differ between colon regions and individuals. Batch exploration of the interindividual variability in (+)-catechin microbial metabolism resulted in a stratification based on metabolic efficiency: from the 12 tested donor microbiota, we identified a fast- and a slow-converting microbiota that was subsequently inoculated to SHIME, a dynamic model of the human gut. Monitoring of microbial (+)-catechin metabolites from proximal and distal colon compartments with UHPLC-MS and UPLC-IMS-Q-TOF-MS revealed profound donor-dependent and colon-region-dependent metabolite profiles with 5-(3′,4′-dihydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone being the largest contributor to differences between the fast- and slow-converting microbiota and the distal colon being a more important region for (+)-catechin metabolism than the proximal colon. Our findings may contribute to further understanding the role of the gut microbiota as a determinant of interindividual variation in pharmacokinetics upon (+)-catechin ingestion.


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akihito Nakajima ◽  
Tomoyoshi Shibuya ◽  
Takashi Sasaki ◽  
Yu Jie Lu ◽  
Dai Ishikawa ◽  
...  

Nicotine affects the gastrointestinal environment and modulates ulcerative colitis (UC). However, the associations among nicotine, gut metabolites, and UC are still largely unknown. We investigated whether orally administered nicotine affected gut metabolites and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. C57BL/6 male mice were orally administered nicotine solution in drinking water prior to inducing DSS-induced colitis. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and indole in gut contents and fecal samples were measured by GC-MS and hydroxylamine-based indole assays, respectively. Oral administration of nicotine increased indole concentration in feces, but, in contrast, SCFA values did not differ with nicotine administration. Indole levels were increased in the distal colon and rectum but not in the cecum and proximal colon. DSS-induced colitis was less severe clinically and histological changes were minimal in the rectum of orally nicotine-administered mice compared to mice drinking only water. 16S rRNA microbiome on the feces revealed an increasing in Clostridium and Porphyromonas in nicotine-administered mice. In conclusion, nicotine administration was associated with increased indole levels in the distal colon and rectum and attenuated DSS-induced colitis. Oral administration of nicotine may play a potential role in indole upregulation and prevention of UC.


Author(s):  
Jicheng Wang ◽  
Zhijun Shen ◽  
Bing Shen ◽  
Jianan Jian ◽  
Travis Hannan ◽  
...  

The aim of this study was to determine if stimulation of sacral spinal nerve roots can induce defecation in cats. In anesthetized cats, bipolar hook electrodes were placed on the S1-S3 dorsal and/or ventral roots. Stimulus pulses (1-50 Hz, 0.2 ms) were applied to an individual S1-S3 root to induce proximal/distal colon contractions and defecation. Balloon catheters were inserted into the proximal and distal colon to measure contraction pressure. Glass marbles were inserted into the rectum to demonstrate defecation by videotaping the elimination of marbles. Stimulation of the S2 ventral root at 7 Hz induced significantly (p<0.05) larger contractions (32±9 cmH2O) in both proximal and distal colon than stimulation of the S1 or S3 ventral root. Intermittent (5 times) stimulation (1 minute on and 1 minute off) of both dorsal and ventral S2 roots at 7 Hz produced reproducible colon contractions without fatigue, while continuous stimulation of 5-minute duration caused significant fatigue in colon contractions. Stimulation (7 Hz) of both dorsal and ventral S2 roots together successfully induced defecation that eliminated 1-2 marbles from the rectum. This study indicates the possibility to develop a novel neuromodulation device to restore defecation function after spinal cord injury using a minimally invasive surgical approach to insert a lead electrode via the sacral foramen to stimulate a sacral spinal root.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Y Lin ◽  
Chris Varghese ◽  
Niranchan Paskaranandavadivel ◽  
Sean Seo ◽  
Peng Du ◽  
...  

Background and aims: The rectosigmoid brake, characterized by retrograde cyclic motor patterns on high-resolution colonic manometry has been postulated as a contributor to the maintenance of bowel continence. Sacral neuromodulation (SNM) is an effective therapy for faecal incontinence, but its mechanism of action is unclear. This study aims to investigate the colonic motility patterns in the distal colon of patients with faecal incontinence, and how these are modulated by SNM. Methods: A high-resolution fibre-optic colonic manometry catheter, containing 36 sensors spaced at 1-cm intervals, was positioned in patients with faecal incontinence undergoing Stage 1 SNM. One hour of pre-meal and post-meal recordings were obtained followed by pre- and post-meal recordings with suprasensory SNM. A 700-kcal meal was given. Data were analysed to identify propagating contractions. Results: Fifteen patients with faecal incontinence were analysed. Patients had an abnormal meal response (fewer retrograde propagating contractions compared to controls; p=0.027) and failed to show a postmeal increase in propagating contractions (mean 17 +/- 6/h pre-meal vs 22 +/- 9/h post-meal, p = 0.438). Compared to baseline, SNM significantly increased the number of retrograde propagating contractions in the distal colon (8 +/- 3/h pre-meal vs 14 +/- 3/h pre-meal with SNM, p = 0.028). Consuming a meal did not further increase the number of propagating contractions beyond the baseline upregulating effect of SNM. Conclusion: The rectosigmoid brake was suppressed in this cohort of patients with faecal incontinence. SNM may exert a therapeutic effect by modulating this rectosigmoid brake.


Medicina ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (11) ◽  
pp. 1269
Author(s):  
Randa Taher ◽  
Yael Kopelman ◽  
Abdel-Rauf Zeina ◽  
Amir Mari ◽  
Fadi Abu Baker

Background and Objectives: Acute diverticulitis (AD) is the leading and most burdensome complication of colonic diverticulosis. However, risk factors for its development and predictors of its course are still poorly defined. In this regard, the association of a young age with a complicated course and worse outcome are still controversial. Moreover, little research has addressed the effect of ethnicity on the course of AD. The current study aimed to evaluate the impact of these variables on AD’s course and outcome in the diverse and unique ethnic landscape of Israel. Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective review of the charts of patients with a radiologically confirmed diagnosis of AD. Patients’ outcomes and disease course, including hospitalization duration, complications, and recurrent episodes, were documented and compared among different age and ethnic groups. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify predictors of complicated AD. Results: Overall, 637 patients with AD were included, the majority (95%) had distal colon AD, and almost one quarter of them were aged less than 50 years. The majority of patients in the young age (<50) group were males (69.7%). Nonetheless, the rate of recurrent episodes (35.3% vs. 37.3%, p = 0.19), hospitalization duration (5 ± 4.7 vs. 6 ± 3.2, p = 0.09) and complications rate (17.3% vs. 13.7%; p = 0.16) were similar for both age groups. In the ethnicity group analysis, Arab minority patients had a first episode of AD at a significantly younger age compared to their Jewish counterparts (51.8 vs. 59.4 years, p < 0.001). However, factors such as a complicated course (16% vs. 15%; p = 0.08) and relapsing episode rates (33% vs. 38%; p = 0.36) did not differ significantly between groups. None of the variables, including young age and ethnic group, were predictors of complicated AD course in the multivariate analysis. Conclusion: AD is increasingly encountered in young patients, especially in ethnic minority groups, but neither ethnicity nor young age was associated with worse outcomes.


Author(s):  
Ricella Maria Souza da Silva ◽  
Polyana Maria Cruz Collaço ◽  
Karin S. Cunha ◽  
Eliane Pedra Dias

Abstract Objectives Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer death in the world, with survival correlated with the extension of the disease at diagnosis. In many low-/middle-income countries, the incidence of CRC is increasing rapidly, while decreasing rates are observed in high-income countries. We evaluated the anatomopathological profile of 390 patients diagnosed with CRC who underwent surgical resection, over a six-year period, in the state of Paraíba, northeastern Brazil. Results Adenocarcinomas accounted for 98% of the cases of primary colorectal tumors, and 53.8% occurred in female patients. The average age of the sample was 63.5 years, with 81.8% of individuals older than 50 years of age and 6.4% under 40 years of age. The most frequent location was the distal colon; pT3 status was found in 71% of patients, and pT4 status, in 14.4%. Angiolymphatic and lymph-node involvements were found in 48.7% and 46.9% of the cases respectively. Distant metastasis was observed in 9.2% of the patients. Advanced disease was diagnosed in almost half of the patients (48.1%). The women in the sample had poorly-differentiated adenocarcinomas (p = 0.043). Patients under 60 years of age had a higher rate of lymph-node metastasis (p = 0.044). Tumor budding was present in 27.2% of the cases, and it was associated with the female gender, the mucinous histological type, and the depth of invasion (pT3 and pT4). Conclusions We conclude that the diagnosis of advanced disease in CRC is still a reality, with a high occurrence of aggressive prognostic factors, which results in a worse prognosis.


Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3267
Author(s):  
Sonia Tassone ◽  
Riccardo Fortina ◽  
Sabah Mabrouki ◽  
Yasser Hachana ◽  
Salvatore Barbera

The apparent dry matter digestibility of diets for rabbits was measured in vivo (ADMDvv) and in vitro with the Ankom DaisyII Incubator. Four diets were tested: low fiber (LF), LF + 5% of pregerminated fenugreek seeds (PGFS) (LF5), LF + 10% PGFS (LF10), and high fiber (HF). For the ADMDvv, feces samples were collected from 56 White New-Zealand × Californian rabbits fed the 4 diets; animals were randomly allocated into 4 groups and housed in individual cages. For the in vitro trial, 3 methods were tested: fecal inoculum (FA) with Kansans State buffer; fecal inoculum with artificial saliva (FB); and multienzyme (ENZ). Fecal inocula were collected at slaughtering from the distal colon of rabbits fed ad libitum the LF diet. For FA and FB methods, the digestibility was measured at 36 and 48 h. The in vitro methods ranked the apparent dry matter digestibility of diets in the same order as in vivo, but ENZ values were always higher than FA and FB at 36 and 48 h. The prediction equations of in vivo digestibility with the ENZ method showed higher coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.69) and lower SE (0.190) than FA and FB; also, reproducibility was higher with ENZ (CV = 3.1%). In conclusion, different methods can be applied to the Ankom DaisyII Incubator to study the digestibility in rabbits. In our trial, the better reproducibility was observed with the multienzyme method than FA and FB were probably related to the variability of inocula.


2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Muhammad Shamil Suhaimi ◽  
Mohd Yusran Othman ◽  
Khalilah Alhuda Kamilen

Background: Colonic atresia (CA) is a rare cause of congenital intestinal obstruction. The management of CA is challenging because of its rarity. Case Presentation: We present a case of right-sided CA in a term male baby weighing 3006 gm, without any other comorbidity. Type 1 atresia was seen at ascending colon and upon decompression, a reasonable caliber was achieved for a primary anastomosis following distal Cheatle slit and proximal tapering. Postoperative recovery was uneventful. Conclusion: Primary anastomosis is a feasible option in right-sided CA when no major comorbidity is present and a normal distal colon with reasonable caliber is certain.


2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Y. Lin ◽  
Chris Varghese ◽  
Peng Du ◽  
Cameron I. Wells ◽  
Niranchan Paskaranandavadivel ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Cyclic motor patterns (CMP) are the predominant motor pattern in the distal colon, and are important in both health and disease. Their origin, mechanism and relation to bioelectrical slow-waves remain incompletely understood. During abdominal surgery, an increase in the CMP occurs in the distal colon. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of detecting propagating slow waves and spike waves in the distal human colon through intraoperative, high-resolution (HR), serosal electrical mapping. Methods HR electrical recordings were obtained from the distal colon using validated flexible PCB arrays (6 × 16 electrodes; 4 mm inter-electrode spacing; 2.4 cm2, 0.3 mm diameter) for up to 15 min. Passive unipolar signals were obtained and analysed. Results Eleven patients (33–71 years; 6 females) undergoing colorectal surgery under general anaesthesia (4 with epidurals) were recruited. After artefact removal and comprehensive manual and automated analytics, events consistent with regular propagating activity between 2 and 6 cpm were not identified in any patient. Intermittent clusters of spike-like activities lasting 10–180 s with frequencies of each cluster ranging between 24 and 42 cpm, and an average amplitude of 0.54 ± 0.37 mV were recorded. Conclusions Intraoperative colonic serosal mapping in humans is feasible, but unlike in the stomach and small bowel, revealed no regular propagating electrical activity. Although sporadic, synchronous spike-wave events were identifiable. Alternative techniques are required to characterise the mechanisms underlying the hyperactive CMP observed in the intra- and post-operative period. New findings The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of detecting propagating electrical activity that may correlate to the cyclic motor pattern in the distal human colon through intraoperative, high-resolution, serosal electrical mapping. High-resolution electrical mapping of the human colon revealed no regular propagating activity, but does reveal sporadic spike-wave events. These findings indicate that further research into appropriate techniques is required to identify the mechanism of hyperactive cyclic motor pattern observed in the intra- and post-operative period in humans.


Author(s):  
Kenichi Utano ◽  
Koichi Nagata ◽  
Tetsuro Honda ◽  
Takashi Kato ◽  
Alan Kawarai Lefor ◽  
...  

Abstract Purpose CT colonography enables three-dimensional measurement of colon length. However, previous studies using CT colonography have not examined the association with gender, age, physique, a history of laparotomy and bowel habits, all possible contributory factors to colon length. The aim of this study is to investigate factors associated with colon length. Materials and methods We conducted a post hoc analysis based on data obtained from a previous multi-center trial including 321 patients with positive fecal immunochemical tests who underwent CT colonography. Colon length was measured using a computer-generated center line and was divided at the iliac crest level into the distal and proximal colons. Bowel habits were classified into three groups: A—daily; B—once every 2 or 3 days; and C—less than once in 3 days. Statistical comparison was made using one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s correction. Results A total of 295 patients were analyzed. The entire colon length (cm, mean ± standard deviation) of individual patients was 150.3 ± 18.5 cm and ranged from 109.7 to 195.9 cm. The female colon was significantly longer than the male colon (154.3 ± 18.1 cm vs. 147.1 ± 18.3 cm; p = 0.022). Colon length showed trends associated with age (p = 0.18) and a history of laparotomy (p = 0.14). According to bowel habits, the entire colon measured 147.4 ± 17.9 in group A, 154.7 ± 18.5 in group B and 158.6 ± 18.3 in group C, and significant differences were observed for “A vs. C” (p = 0.002) and “A vs. B” (p = 0.014). In subgroup analysis by colon segment, the proximal colon trended similarly to the entire colon while there were no trends for the distal colon. Conclusions This study has clearly demonstrated that bowel habits and gender both correlate with the length of the entire colon measured by CT colonography, and in particular, the proximal colon. Secondary abstract Using CT colonography, we measured the colon length in 295 patients. The entire colon length was 150.3 ± 18.5 cm on average. Females and constipated (less frequent defecation) patients have a significantly longer colon, and in particular, the proximal colon. Colon length showed trends associated with age and a history of laparotomy.


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