scholarly journals EXPORT CREDIT AGENCIES (ECA) AND THEIR ROLE IN MINING FINANCING IN THE WORLD

2018 ◽  
pp. 234-244
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz Kustra
Keyword(s):  
Export Credit ◽  
The World ◽  
Export Credit Agencies

The main trends in the development of export credit agencies in the world

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (9) ◽  
pp. 2033-2049
Author(s):  
Hasan S. UMAROV
Keyword(s):  
Export Credit ◽  
State Support ◽  
Foreign Economic Policy ◽  
Trading System ◽  
The World ◽  
International Trading ◽  
Export Credits ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Export Credit Agencies

Subject. This article discusses the features and trends in the development of export credit agencies (ECA) in the world in the context of increasing competition of manufacturers for market share. Objectives. The article aims to show the peculiarities of the ECA's activities, reveal new aspects of their operation in modern conditions, and substantiate the need to change the international agreement in the field of export crediting and insurance. Methods. For the study, I used the comparative, statistical, and formal and logical methods. Results. The article shows the key role of ECA as an institution of State support for exports and a guarantor of the stability of the international trading system. It also finds that increased competition from Chinese and other ECAs that are not subject to the Arrangement on Officially Supported Export Credits – OECD rules, as well as the expanded role of ECA during the pandemic, necessitate uniform approaches to State support for exports of domestic producers at the WTO level. Conclusions. ECAs’ support remains one of the effective tools in implementing the State foreign economic policy and increasing the international competitiveness of certain sectors of the economy. The need to improve international rules on export credit and insurance to ensure the stability and sustainable development of international trade is becoming increasingly apparent.

scholarly journals Towards Net Zero export credit: current approaches and next steps

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Hale ◽  
Andreas Klasen ◽  
Norman Ebner ◽  
Bianca Krämer ◽  
Anastasia Kantzelis
Keyword(s):  
Business Models ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Export Credit ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Climate Targets ◽  
Net Zero ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One ◽  
Investment Portfolios ◽  
Export Credit Agencies

As the world economy rapidly decarbonises to meet global climate goals, the export credit sector must keep pace. Countries representing over two-thirds of global GDP have now set net zero targets, as have hundreds of private financial institutions. Public and private initiatives are now working to develop new standards and methodologies for shifting investment portfolios to decarbonisation pathways based on science. However, export credit agencies (ECAs) are only at the beginning stages of this seismic transformation. On the one hand, the net zero transition creates risks to existing business models and clients for the many ECAs, while on the other, it creates a significant opportunity for ECAs to refocus their support to help countries and trade partners meet their climate targets. ECAs can best take advantage of this transition, and minimise its risks, by setting net zero targets and adopting credible plans to decarbonise their portfolios. Collaboration across the sector can be a powerful tool for advancing this goal.

8 Official Funding Sources: Export Credit Agencies

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Borisoff Alexander ◽  
Pendleton Andrew ◽  
Blundell Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
Export Credit ◽  
Infrastructure Projects ◽  
Market Participants ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Border Trade ◽  
Export Credit Agencies

This chapter focuses on export credit agencies (ECAs). ECAs are government-backed suppliers of financing and other credit support. As enablers of government policy and ‘soft diplomacy’, they possess a variety of tools that are not available to commercial financial institutions alone. Among the most important of these tools is the ability to offer financial terms that are more competitive than those available in the market. ECAs are able to provide financial liquidity in challenging times, making them attractive market participants in all types of credit environments. ECAs are an essential source of capital for the financing of cross-border trade, including for the financing of major infrastructure projects worldwide. In the coming years ECAs will likely continue to play a pivotal role in the financing of global energy, natural resources and infrastructure projects.

scholarly journals How Rising Powers Create Governance Gaps: The Case of Export Credit and the Environment

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen Hopewell
Keyword(s):  
Global Governance ◽  
Environmental Governance ◽  
Export Credit ◽  
Due Diligence ◽  
Rising Powers ◽  
Environmental Implications ◽  
Environmental Practices ◽  
Energy Projects ◽  
Emerging Powers ◽  
Export Credit Agencies

This article analyzes how rising powers are affecting an important area of global governance at the intersection of trade and environment: export credit. State-backed export credit agencies (ECAs) play a major role in financing large infrastructure and energy projects, particularly in developing countries. Many of these projects carry significant environmental implications, yet there has been little scholarly attention to their governance. Since the 1990s, global governance of the environmental practices of ECAs has been progressively expanded and strengthened via the OECD Arrangement on export credit and Common Approaches for environmental and social due diligence. Recently, however, there has been a dramatic increase in export credit provision by rising powers, such as India and China, who are not members of the OECD nor subject to the Arrangement or Common Approaches. In this article, I argue that existing governance mechanisms have not caught up with the rapidly changing landscape of export credit. Drawing on the case of India’s financing for the Rampal coal-fired power plant in Bangladesh, I show that the problem of environmental governance for export credit increasingly extends beyond the advanced-industrialized states of the OECD. The failure to cover the large and growing volume of export credit provided by the emerging powers represents a major gap in the established system of environmental governance for export credit.

Design and Construction of the Nchanga Copper Tailings Leach Plant Stage 3

1987 ◽  
Vol 201 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-90
Author(s):  
P R Hampsheir
Keyword(s):  
Process Design ◽  
Export Credit ◽  
Development Organizations ◽  
Full Production ◽  
Plant Stage ◽  
Copper Mines ◽  
The Third World ◽  
Transport Problems ◽  
Export Credit Agencies

The Nchanga Division of Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines Limited (ZCCM), the largest producing copper mine in the Commonwealth, has recently commissioned a new plant for reprocessing copper rich tailings. The tailings, some 140 million tonnes in total, are stored in large paddock dams. This paper records the problems and successes involved in completing the design, procurement and construction of the project, on time and ten per cent below budget. Design and project management was by Zambia Engineering Services Limited in Ashford, Kent, a subsidiary of ZCCM, and project funding was from a consortium of international hanks, export credit agencies and development organizations. The subjects dealt with include process design, project capital and funding, management, design and the use of models, estimating and cost control, planning, purchasing and procurement, construction and commissioning. The paper also highlights the problems associated with funding a new project of this type in the Third World in a depressed metals market, and the role of engineering in overcoming financial delays and transport problems. Commissioning started in April 1986 and the plant is now coming up to full production with a few, but not unexpected, problems bearing in mind the size and complexity of the plant. With the addition of stage 3 to the tailings leach plant at Nchanga throughput of ore is increased from 850 000 tonnes/month to 1500 000 tonnes/month and copper output by 40 000 tonnes/annum for a total cost of $250 M.

9 Official Funding Sources: Export Credit Agencies and Multilateral Development Banks

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Borisoff Alexander ◽  
Compton Andrew
Keyword(s):  
Project Finance ◽  
Export Credit ◽  
Working Capital ◽  
Multilateral Development Banks ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Loan Guarantees ◽  
Development Banks ◽  
Export Credits ◽  
Risk Insurance ◽  
Export Credit Agencies

This chapter provides an overview of official funding sources available in the project finance arena, including from export credit agencies, multilateral development banks, and governmental and quasi-governmental entities. The forepart of the chapter describes export credit agencies and multilateral development banks generally, as well as hybrid-type official funding sources. The second part of the chapter explores the types of funding these entities provide, including loans, loan guarantees, political risk insurance, working capital facilities, equity investments, and bond guarantees. The chapter concludes by assessing regulatory regimes applicable to export credit agencies, including the voluntary OECD Consensus or Arrangement on Export Credits that seeks to promote transparency among export credit agencies, and other common issues and considerations to explore when seeking funding by way of such an official funding source.

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