scholarly journals ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF THE ANCIENT BRONZE COINS BY X-RAY FLUORESCENCE TECHNIQUE USING SIMULTANEOUSLY RADIOISOTOPE SOURCE AND X-RAY TUBE

2007 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
NGUYEN THE QUYNH ◽  
TRUONG THI AN ◽  
TRAN DUC THIEP ◽  
NGUYEN DINH CHIEN ◽  
DAO TRAN CAO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Elemental Analysis ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Fluorescence Technique ◽  
Interesting Point ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Radioisotope Source ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Fluorescence Spectrometer ◽  
The 19Th Century

The results on elemental analysis of the vietnamese ancient bronze coins during the time of the Nguyen dynasty (19th century) are presented. The samples were provided by the Vietnam National Historical Museum and the elemental analysis was performed on the home-made model EDS-XT-99-01 X-ray fluorescence spectrometer in the Institute of Materials Science, NCST of Vietnam. The samples exited simultaneously by radioisotope source and X-ray tube. The analytical results show the similarity in the elemental composition of the coins issued by different kings of the Nguyen dynasty, but there is the difference in the concentration of the used elements. Another interesting point is that all the coins have zinc (Zn) in their composition, which shows clearly the influence of the occidental metallurgical technology on the money-making technique in Vietnam during the 19th century.

scholarly journals ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF THE ANCIENT BRONZE COINS BY X-RAY FLUORESCENCE TECHNIQUE USING SIMULTANEOUSLY RADIOISOTOPE SOURCE AND X-RAY TUBE

2007 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 50 ◽  
Author(s):  
NGUYEN THE QUYNH ◽  
TRUONG THI AN ◽  
TRAN DUC THIEP ◽  
NGUYEN DINH CHIEN ◽  
DAO TRAN CAO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elemental Composition ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Elemental Analysis ◽  
Fluorescence Technique ◽  
Interesting Point ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Radioisotope Source ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Fluorescence Spectrometer ◽  
The 19Th Century

The results on elemental analysis of the vietnamese ancient bronze coins during the time of the Nguyen dynasty (19th century) are presented. The samples were provided by the Vietnam National Historical Museum and the elemental analysis was performed on the home-made model EDS-XT-99-01 X-ray fluorescence spectrometer in the Institute of Materials Science, NCST of Vietnam. The samples exited simultaneously by radioisotope source and X-ray tube. The analytical results show the similarity in the elemental composition of the coins issued by different kings of the Nguyen dynasty, but there is the difference in the concentration of the used elements. Another interesting point is that all the coins have zinc (Zn) in their composition, which shows clearly the influence of the occidental metallurgical technology on the money-making technique in Vietnam during the 19th century.

scholarly journals ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF THE ANCIENT BRONZE COINS BY X-RAY FLUORESCENCE TECHNIQUE USING SIMULTANEOUSLY RADIOISOTOPE SOURCE AND X-RAY TUBE

2007 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
NGUYEN THE QUYNH ◽  
TRUONG THI AN ◽  
TRAN DUC THIEP ◽  
NGUYEN DINH CHIEN ◽  
DAO TRAN CAO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elemental Analysis ◽  
Fluorescence Technique ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Radioisotope Source

ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF THE ANCIENT BRONZE COINS BY X-RAY FLUORESCENCE TECHNIQUE USING SIMULTANEOUSLY RADIOISOTOPE SOURCE AND X-RAY TUBE

2007 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
NGUYEN THE QUYNH ◽  
TRUONG THI AN ◽  
TRAN DUC THIEP ◽  
NGUYEN DINH CHIEN ◽  
DAO TRAN CAO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elemental Analysis ◽  
Fluorescence Technique ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Radioisotope Source

scholarly journals On the high scientific quality of early research on strain and deformation fabrics (1835–1908)

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-216
Author(s):  
Pablo J. Torres Carbonell
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Strain Analysis ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Scientific Quality ◽  
High Quality Research ◽  
Strain Ellipsoid ◽  
The Difference ◽  
High Standards ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract. High-quality research developed during the 19th century established the foundations of rock strain investigations. Careful observation and description of rock fabrics and deformed objects in rocks allowed early researchers to obtain mathematical expressions that are still used today to quantify strain. Thus, in a span of a few decades, and applying basic scientific methodology, these researchers developed the concept of the strain ellipsoid, defined mathematically the difference between constant-volume and volume-loss deformation, constructed the basic equations that define pure and simple shear deformation, and discovered the mechanism of pressure–solution deformation. These advances were fundamental to seminal works on strain analysis and deformation fabrics in the mid-20th century. However, they are rarely addressed in modern studies, which suggests a lack of awareness among current researchers. In order to bring attention to these landmarks of strain research, I provide a historical review of the high standards of analysis that led to the definition of the fundamental equations and concepts on strain during the 19th century.

scholarly journals From exoticism to diversity: the production of difference in a globalized and fragmented world

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-36
Author(s):  
Michel Nicolau Netto
Keyword(s):  
Social Construction ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
External Space ◽  
Dominant Discourse ◽  
Contemporary World ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Material Conditions ◽  
The 19Th Century

Difference is a social construction, and as such it needs a discourse to produce meaning and be socially effective. As a discourse is always socially and historically grounded, so it is the meaning of difference. This article proposes that the difference in the contemporary world is dominantly articulated in the discourse of diversity, as the discourse of exoticism was the dominant discourse of difference in the 19th Century. This proposal will be proved as I show that, as diversity becomes the appreciated discourse in the present, the exoticism loses its value. Stating that, I will try to understand the conditions of existence of each discourse. I will argue that the exoticism was founded in the 19th century upon three fundaments: imperialism, the idea of progress and nation. They provided the condition for a discourse that based the production of difference on the stable separation of an internal and an external space. After examining the fundaments and their relations with the discourse of exoticism, I will show that the production of difference is no longer based on stable notions of internal and external spaces. Currently, difference is produced on the basis of fragmented and globalized social relations, which requires a discourse flexible enough to cope with these material conditions. The discourse of diversity is this discourse.

scholarly journals Neo-Kantian motifs in the works of A. Bely

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Valeria Belyaeva
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Russian Philosophy ◽  
Subjective Perception ◽  
Philosophy Of Art ◽  
Russian Culture ◽  
Russian Symbolism ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article is devoted to the work of A. Bely in the development of Russian culture in the late 19th - early 20th centuries. Attention is paid to the motives of the creative path of the philosopher-poet, who created the basis of Russian symbolism. By analyzing the cultural and historical manifestations of the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, reflection in the works of art and science workers, an assessment of the severity of symbolism for the development of Russian philosophy and the field of art in general. In the process of the formation of symbolism in Bely's work, neo-Kantian motives are clearly revealed in the formulation of the problem of the difference between subjective perception and the essence of the object of perception in itself, that is, distinguishing between the symbol and the signified. By comparing Bely's views with the concept of sophiology and anthroposophy, distinct Kantian positions of the philosopher-poet stand out. These include the schematism of space and time, an attempt to apply the categories of natural science to the field of philosophy of art, as well as the demarcation of the immanent and the transcendent. Despite the fact that the ideas of the philosopher-poet in their form have similar positions with the anthroposophy of R. Steiner and with the ideas of V. Solovyov, however, the key content is the neo-Kantian methodology of "critical deepening" of thought and its rationalization. The actualization of Bely's creativity and the issue of his neo-Kantian motives is carried out by attracting research from related branches of knowledge on the principles of interdisciplinary consideration and implementation of an integrated approach.

scholarly journals Regionalar variatiónir í kornveltingini fyrr í tíðini. Ymiskt var, sum gomlu, føroysku bygdirnar vóru fyri, tá spurningurin var um kornvelting, tann tíð tað var / Regional variations in grain growing in the old days. The old faroese villages differed considerably in the days of grain growing

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
pp. 103
Author(s):  
Rolf Guttesen
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Faroe Islands ◽  
Average Yield ◽  
Regional Variations ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Detailed Picture

<p><strong>Úrtak:</strong> Greinin analyserar tær regionalu variatiónir, sum fyrst í 1800-talinum vóru í kornveltingini í Føroyum. Einstakar upplýsingar eru at finna um kornvelting í eldri keldum, men hesar seta ofta úrtøkuna, foldtalið, alt ov høgt. Landt og Svabo eru tó meira realistiskir, og seta foldtalið til umleið 7. Teir eru longu varir við, at munur er á úrtøkuni, og at Sandoy og Suðuroy eru best fyri. Tað stóra taltilfarið, sum liggur í Löbn­er’sa tabellum, ger tað møguligt at fáa eina klára mynd av støðuni í øllum bygdum í land­inum í 1813. Hetta verður lýst út frá trimum spurningum: Hvussu nógv varð sáað í mun til fólkatalið? Hvussu nógv fold gav veltingin? Og hvat var úrtøkan í mun til fólkatalið? Fyrsti spurn­ingur kann siga nakað um, hvussu stóran dent bygdirnar løgdu á tað at vera sjálvbjargnar við korni. Seinasta talið sigur nakað um, hvussu hesar royndirnar eydnaðust.</p><p><strong>Summary:</strong> The paper analyses the regional variations in grain-cultivation on the Faroe Islands in the first decades of the 19th century. A few informa­tions are found i older sources, but generally these overestimate the yield. Landt and Svabo, however, are more realistic and propose the average yield to 7 (i.e. harvested amount in relation to sown amount). They are also aware of the difference in the yield, where Sandoy and Suðuroy are the best grain-growing places. The impressive amounts of information in the socalled Löbner tables make it possible to obtain a detailed picture of the situation in all of the villages in the country in 1813. The problem is illustrated from three questions: How much was sown in relation to the popu­lation? How was the yield/sown amount? And how big was the yield in relation to the popu­lation? The first question says somthing about the effort in each village to be self-sufficient with grain, while the last question will tell us to what extent these efforts were succesful.</p>

Serendipity: Werner's argument that the `two-only forms' (green and violet) of [CoCl2(en)2]+ salts demanded his octahedral model was correct. True?

2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 298-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Bernal ◽  
Roger A. Lalancette
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Elemental Composition ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Elemental Analysis ◽  
Asymmetric Unit ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Third ◽  
Alfred Werner

Chemists of the late 19th century, including Alfred Werner, prepared salts containing either green or violet cations of composition [CoCl2(en)2]+ (en is ethylenediamine, C2H8N2); we now refer to these as trans-dichloro and cis-dichloro species. We have discovered a third salt, purple in color, containing cations of the same elemental composition and whose asymmetric unit composition is [CoCl2(en)2]2Cl2·3H2O, in which the cobalt cations are a cis:trans dichloro pair. Such a discovery would undermine Werner's argument that if only two forms can be prepared, his octahedral theory was proven. Probably because his students never examined their crystals under a microscope, they failed to observe the `third' species, thereby ruining Werner's argument since he relied strictly on color to identify them. That was fortunate since our purple salt would have led him to abandon, or certainly delay, his momentous discovery. Our crystals consist of a 1:1 mixture of the cis and trans cations, thereby sharing the same elemental analysis and conductivity as the single salts, but not their crystal structure, inasmuch as X-ray diffraction had not even been discovered then. Serendipitously, our discovery would have been a great boon to his theoretical acumen, while his `two-color' argument may have doomed him.

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