scholarly journals The Activity of Voluntary Associations in Russia at the Local Level (the Experience of the Russian Region of the Second Half of the 19th – early 20th Century)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yulia Ukhanova ◽  
Natal’ya Smirnova
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Voluntary Associations ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Russian Region

Anarchism

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Cunningham
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Social Organization ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
Voluntary Associations ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Political Justice ◽  
Social Philosopher ◽  
Political Program

Anarchism is a term derived from the Greek anarkhia, meaning "contrary to authority" or "without a ruler." Anarchism narrowly refers to a theory of society without state rule, and generally to a social and political ideology advocating a society that does not use coercive forms of authority. Many advocates trace its roots to the Greek Stoics. William Godwin’s An Inquiry Concerning Political Justice and its Influence on General Virtue and Happiness (1793) is widely recognized as the first work to present a full articulation of the idea of anarchism. The term was considered derisory until the French social philosopher Pierre-Joseph Proudhon used it in 1840 to describe his political program. Proudhon is credited as the first to call himself an anarchist. The Russian revolutionary Michael Bakunin (1814–1876), a key figure in anarchism, sought the violent overthrow of the state in order to replace it with a federation built on the basis of voluntary associations. Bakunin was a proponent of what would become anarcho-syndicalism, a term not coined until the early 20th century by Sam Mainwaring in Britain and Georges Sorel in France. Anarcho-syndicalism focused on trade unions as the transformative agent of social change, because they championed workers and could serve as a foundation for a new social organization after the successful overthrow of the existing state.

Реформация системы вакфов в поздней Османской империи: институциональный кризис и поиск новой философии вакфа

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.V. Shlikov
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Direct Control ◽  
The Public ◽  
Republican Period ◽  
Early Republican

Аннотация В фокусе внимания статьи процесс трансформации традиционного института вакфа в Османской империи XIX начала XX в., основные детерминанты которого определили судьбу вакфов в раннереспубликанский период истории Турции. Распространение коррупции и снижающаяся эффективность деятельности значительного числа вакфов, использование сомнительных механизмов эксплуатации, замены и аренды вакуфного имущества негативно отразились на общественной репутации института, поставив под сомнение целесообразность и правомерность существования многочисленных вакфов. Озаботившись установлением непосредственного контроля над вакфами и их ресурсами, султан Махмуд II учредил в 1826 г. Министерство вакфов с обширными полномочиями. Однако разрозненность вакфов и их функциональное многообразие свели деятельность министерства к минимуму формальной регистрации решений, принимаемых на местах. В результате, система вакфов сохранила децентрализованный характер, а ее деятельность по-прежнему определялась преимущественно корпоративными и семейно-клановыми, а не государственными интересами. Наряду с распространением злоупотреблений важным катализатором кризиса системы вакфов во второй половине XIXв. стала политика османских властей по наращиванию роли государства в сфере социального обеспечения и благотворительности. В совокупности все это подготовило почву для масштабной конфискации вакуфной собственности, проводившейся в начале XX в. в разных частях Османской империи (от Турции до Сирии и Египта).Abstract The paper analyses the transformation of the traditional waqf institution in the 19th and early 20th century Ottoman Empire the process which determined the fate of waqfs in the early republican period of Turkeys history. The spread of corruption and precarious practices of exchange and rent of waqf properties together with the declining effectiveness of many waqf activities all this had a negative impact on the public reputation of waqfs and questioned both the legitimacy and usefulness of numerous waqfs and the large scale waqf network. The Ottoman authorities were concerned about the direct control of waqfs and their properties, in 1826 the Sultan Mahmud II established a Ministry of Waqfs with extensive power and jurisdiction. However, the scale, diversity and ramified structure of the waqf system reduced the real work of the ministry mostly to the formal registration of the decisions taken at the local level. As a result, the waqf system remained decentralized and its activities were determined mostly by family and corporate interests and not by the state. Along with the widely spread corruption and misuse of waqf properties another factor conducive to the growing of crisis in the waqf system was the Ottoman states aspiration to play an increasingly important role in the sphere of social welfare, social security and charity in the late 19th century. The combination of these factors paved the way for the large-scale confiscation of waqf properties in various parts of the Ottoman Empire in the early 20th century (from Turkey to Syria and Egypt).

Public Libraries of the Vladimir and Kostroma Provinces' District Towns in the Second Half of the 19th — early 20th Century

2010 ◽  
pp. 98-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksey A. Soloviev
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Public Libraries ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Native Population ◽  
History Of

On the history of the first public libraries in the province towns of Vladimirskaya and Kostromskaya provinces in the second half of the 17th century - early 20th century. The author considers main statistical data of libraries and analyses necessity and influence of these libraries and reading rooms on the native population.

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