scholarly journals First constitutive heterochromatin characterization and Karyotype of white stork Ciconia ciconia (Aves: Ciconiidae)

2023 ◽  
Vol 83 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. M. Abu Shnaf ◽  
M. S. Al-Khalifa
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Constitutive Heterochromatin ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Cytogenetic Study ◽  
White Stork ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Ciconia Ciconia ◽  
C Banding ◽  
Autosome Pair

Abstract The karyotype and constitutive heterochromatin pattern of the white stork Ciconia ciconia samples obtained from Manzala lake, Dimiaat, Egypt was described. Somatic cells of Ciconia ciconia samples have diploid number 2n= 68 chromosomes. Out of 68 chromosomes, 11 pairs including sex chromosomes were macrochromosomes and the remaining pairs were microchromosomes. Of the 11 macrochromosome pairs, no.1, 2, 4 and 5 were submetacentric and pairs no. 6, 7 and 8 were described as metacentric. In addition, the autosome pair no.3 was subtelocentric, while autosome pair no.9 was acrocentric. Also, the sex chromosome Z represents the fourth one in size and it was classified as submetacentric while, W chromosome appeared as medium size and was acrocentric. Furthermore, C-banding pattern (constitutive heterochromatin) revealed variation in their sizes and occurrence between macrochromosomes. Pairs no. 7 and 8 of autosomes exhibited unusual distribution of heterochromatin, where they appeared as entirely heterochromatic. This may be related to the origin of sex chromosomes Z and W. However, there is no sufficient evidence illustrate the appearance of entirely heterochromatic autosomes. Therefore, there is no available cytogenetic literature that describes the C-banding and karyotype of Ciconia Ciconia, so the results herein are important and may assist in cytogenetic study and evolutionary pattern of Ciconiiformes.

CHROMOSOMES AND DNA OF MICROTUS II. CONFIRMATION OF DELETION OF CONSTITUTIVE HETEROCHROMATIN IN M. AGRESTIS CELLS IN VITRO

1977 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 537-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. K. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Constitutive Heterochromatin ◽  
The Other ◽  
Microtus Agrestis ◽  
C Banding

The distribution of constitutive heterochromatin has been examined by C-banding in two somatic cell lines, grown in vitro, from a female Microtus agrestis. One line retains one intact X chromosome together with the short arm of the other X chromosome, while the other cell line retains only the short arm of one X chromosome. Thus, each cell line has lost substantial amounts of heterochromatin from the sex chromosomes, but this material has been deleted from the cells, and not translocated to other chromosomes. Nonetheless, both cell lines continue to propagate well in vitro.

KARYOLOGICAL STUDIES OF A FEMALE VARIABLE OYSTERCATCHER (HAEMATOPUS UNICOLOR)

1981 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 611-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan J. Baker ◽  
M. Parslow ◽  
D. Chambers
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Constitutive Heterochromatin ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
W Chromosome ◽  
Valuable Data ◽  
Diploid Complement ◽  
Embryo Cells

The chromosomes of Haematopus unicolor Forster were examined from cultures of embryo cells. The diploid complement for one individual was estimated to be 2n = 72, comprising 35 autosomes and a pair of sex chromosomes. The W chromosome is a medium size submetacentric. It is smaller than the Z and is the only chromosome with noncentromeric constitutive heterochromatin. The only other species of this genus whose karyotype is known, H. ostralegus, differs from H. unicolor in having a smaller diploid complement (2n = 66) and a telocentric W chromosome. Comparative karyological studies of other species will likely provide valuable data for clarifying the systematics of the Haematopodidae.

scholarly journals Chromosome comparison between two species of Phyllostomus (Chiroptera - Phyllostomidae) from Eastern Amazonia, with some phylogenetic insights

2000 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 595-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luís R.R. Rodrigues ◽  
Regina M.S. Barros ◽  
Maria de Fátima L. Assis ◽  
Suely A. Marques-Aguiar ◽  
Julio C. Pieczarka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
X Chromosome ◽  
Pericentric Inversion ◽  
Constitutive Heterochromatin ◽  
Distal Region ◽  
C Banding ◽  
Primitive Condition ◽  
Autosome Pair ◽  
Phyllostomus Discolor

The karyotypes of Phyllostomus discolor and P. hastatus from Eastern Amazonia were studied by G-, C-, G/C sequential and Ag-NOR techniques. Both species presented 2n = 32, with the autosome complement composed of 30 bi-armed in P. discolor and 28 bi-armed plus 1 acrocentric in P. hastatus. In both species, the X chromosome is medium submetacentric while the Y is minute acrocentric. The present study found only one difference between the karyotypes of P. discolor and P. hastatus: the smallest autosome (pair 15) is bi-armed in discolor and acrocentric in hastatus, a result best explained by pericentric inversion. The C-banding revealed constitutive heterochromatin only at the centromeric regions of all chromosomes, with the NOR site located at the distal region of short arm of pair 15, in both species. The taxon P. discolor is considered primitive for genus Phyllostomus and the bi-armed form of pair 15 is the assumed primitive condition which, rearranged by a pericentric inversion originated the acrocentric from found in P. hastatus.

C-banded karyotypes of two Silene species with heteromorphic sex chromosomes

Genome ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Grabowska-Joachimiak ◽  
Andrzej Joachimiak
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Silene Latifolia ◽  
Silene Dioica ◽  
Dna Amount ◽  
Metaphase Chromosomes ◽  
X Chromosomes ◽  
C Banding ◽  
Y Chromosomes ◽  
Heteromorphic Sex Chromosomes

Mitotic metaphase chromosomes of Silene latifolia (white campion) and Silene dioica (red campion) were studied and no substantial differences between the conventional karyotypes of these two species were detected. The classification of chromosomes into three distinct groups proposed for S. latifolia by Ciupercescu and colleagues was considered and discussed. Additionally, a new small satellite on the shorter arm of homobrachial chromosome 5 was found. Giemsa C-banded chromosomes of the two analysed species show many fixed and polymorphic heterochromatic bands, mainly distally and centromerically located. Our C-banding studies provided an opportunity to better characterize the sex chromosomes and some autosome types, and to detect differences between the two Silene karyotypes. It was shown that S. latifolia possesses a larger amount of polymorphic heterochromatin, especially of the centromeric type. The two Silene sex chromosomes are easily distinguishable not only by length or DNA amount differences but also by their Giemsa C-banding patterns. All Y chromosomes invariably show only one distally located band, and no other fixed or polymorphic bands on this chromosome were observed in either species. The X chromosomes possess two terminally located fixed bands, and some S. latifolia X chromosomes also have an extra-centric segment of variable length. The heterochromatin amount and distribution revealed by our Giemsa C-banding studies provide a clue to the problem of sex chromosome and karyotype evolution in these two closely related dioecious Silene species.Key words: dioecious plant, Silene dioica, Silene latifolia, karyotype, sex chromosomes, heterochromatin, C-banding.

On sex determination in the Turkish desert woodlouse Hemilepistus elongatus (Crustacea, Isopoda, Oniscidea): searching for sex chromosomes and for sex-specific differences in simple DNA repeats

Genome ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 818-821 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Röder ◽  
K. E. Linsenmair ◽  
I. Nanda ◽  
M. Schmid
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Sex Determination ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Genomic Dna ◽  
Constitutive Heterochromatin ◽  
Dna Repeats ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
General Morphology ◽  
C Banding ◽  
Heteromorphic Sex Chromosomes

The karyotype of male and female Hemilepistus elongatus was investigated by means of C-banding. The diploid chromosome number in both sexes is 2n = 50. By scrutinizing general morphology and localization of the constitutive heterochromatin, no heteromorphic sex chromosomes were found. All chromosome pairs in males are well paired during diakinesis. Hybridization of genomic DNA with (GACA)4 and (GATA)4 oligonucleotides revealed no sex-specific patterns. Key words : karyotype, C-banding, sex determination, simple DNA-repeats, Isopoda.

scholarly journals Sex chromosome evolution via two genes

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Harkess ◽  
Kun Huang ◽  
Ron van der Hulst ◽  
Bart Tissen ◽  
Jeffrey L Caplan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Molecule ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Male Gametophyte ◽  
Asparagus Officinalis ◽  
Female Function ◽  
Y Chromosomes ◽  
Autosome Pair ◽  
Garden Asparagus ◽  
And Function

The origin of sex chromosomes has been hypothesized to involve the linkage of factors with antagonistic effects on male and female function. Garden asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) is an ideal species to test this hypothesis, as the X and Y chromosomes are cytologically homomorphic and recently evolved from an ancestral autosome pair in association with a shift from hermaphroditism to dioecy. Mutagenesis screens paired with single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) directly implicate Y-specific genes that respectively suppress female organ development and are necessary for male gametophyte development. Comparison of contiguous X and Y chromosome shows that loss of recombination between the genes suppressing female function (SUPPRESSOR OF FEMALE FUNCTION, SOFF) and promoting male function (TAPETAL DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTION 1, aspTDF1) is due to hemizygosity. We also experimentally demonstrate the function of aspTDF1. These finding provide direct evidence that sex chromosomes can evolve from autosomes via two sex determination genes: a dominant suppressor of femaleness and a promoter of maleness.

scholarly journals Hypermethylated Chromosome Regions in Nine Fish Species with Heteromorphic Sex Chromosomes

2015 ◽  
Vol 147 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 169-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Schmid ◽  
Claus Steinlein ◽  
Cassia F. Yano ◽  
Marcelo B. Cioffi
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Constitutive Heterochromatin ◽  
Banding Technique ◽  
Comparative Cytogenetics ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Valuable Data ◽  
C Banding ◽  
Heteromorphic Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Chromosome Regions

Sites and amounts of 5-methylcytosine (5-MeC)-rich chromosome regions were detected in the karyotypes of 9 Brazilian species of Characiformes fishes by indirect immunofluorescence using a monoclonal anti-5-MeC antibody. These species, belonging to the genera Leporinus, Triportheus and Hoplias, are characterized by highly differentiated and heteromorphic ZW and XY sex chromosomes. In all species, the hypermethylated regions are confined to constitutive heterochromatin. The number and chromosome locations of hypermethylated heterochromatic regions in the karyotypes are constant and species-specific. Generally, heterochromatic regions that are darkly stained by the C-banding technique are distinctly hypermethylated, but several of the brightly fluorescing hypermethylated regions merely exhibit moderate or faint C-banding. The ZW and XY sex chromosomes of all 9 analyzed species also show species-specific heterochromatin hypermethylation patterns. The analysis of 5-MeC-rich chromosome regions contributes valuable data for comparative cytogenetics of closely related species and highlights the dynamic process of differentiation operating in the repetitive DNA fraction of sex chromosomes.

5-Methylcytosine-Rich Heterochromatin in Reptiles

2019 ◽  
Vol 157 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 53-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Schmid ◽  
Claus Steinlein ◽  
Alina M. Reiter ◽  
Michail Rovatsos ◽  
Marie Altmanová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Immunofluorescence ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Constitutive Heterochromatin ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Turtle Species ◽  
C Banding ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Chromosome Regions

An experimental approach using monoclonal anti-5-methylcytosine antibodies and indirect immunofluorescence was elaborated for detecting 5-methylcytosine-rich chromosome regions in reptilian chromosomes. This technique was applied to conventionally prepared mitotic metaphases of 2 turtle species and 12 squamate species from 8 families. The hypermethylation patterns were compared with C-banding patterns obtained by conventional banding techniques. The hypermethylated DNA sequences are species-specific and are located in constitutive heterochromatin. They are highly reproducible and often found in centromeric, pericentromeric, and interstitial positions of the chromosomes. Heterochromatic regions in differentiated sex chromosomes are particularly hypermethylated.

Evidence for Sex Chromosome Turnover in Proteid Salamanders

2016 ◽  
Vol 148 (4) ◽  
pp. 305-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley K. Sessions ◽  
Lilijana Bizjak Mali ◽  
David M. Green ◽  
Vladimir Trifonov ◽  
Malcolm Ferguson-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Southern Europe ◽  
Evolution Of Sex ◽  
Major Goal ◽  
Telomeric Sequences ◽  
C Banding ◽  
Heteromorphic Sex Chromosomes

A major goal of genomic and reproductive biology is to understand the evolution of sex determination and sex chromosomes. Species of the 2 genera of the Salamander family Proteidae - Necturus of eastern North America, and Proteus of Southern Europe - have similar-looking karyotypes with the same chromosome number (2n = 38), which differentiates them from all other salamanders. However, Necturus possesses strongly heteromorphic X and Y sex chromosomes that Proteus lacks. Since the heteromorphic sex chromosomes of Necturus were detectable only with C-banding, we hypothesized that we could use C-banding to find sex chromosomes in Proteus. We examined mitotic material from colchicine-treated intestinal epithelium, and meiotic material from testes in specimens of Proteus, representing 3 genetically distinct populations in Slovenia. We compared these results with those from Necturus. We performed FISH to visualize telomeric sequences in meiotic bivalents. Our results provide evidence that Proteus represents an example of sex chromosome turnover in which a Necturus-like Y-chromosome has become permanently translocated to another chromosome converting heteromorphic sex chromosomes to homomorphic sex chromosomes. These results may be key to understanding some unusual aspects of demographics and reproductive biology of Proteus, and are discussed in the context of models of the evolution of sex chromosomes in amphibians.

Evolution of the Sex Chromosomes in Beetles. I. The Loss of the Y Chromosome

2017 ◽  
Vol 152 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne-Marie Dutrillaux ◽  
Bernard Dutrillaux
Keyword(s):  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Silver Staining ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
B Chromosomes ◽  
Chromosome Constitution ◽  
Chromosome Loss ◽  
Autosomal Bivalents ◽  
C Banding ◽  
Nucleolar Proteins

In the males of Coleoptera, the most frequent sex chromosome constitution is XY. At metaphase I of meiosis, the X and Y are linked by nucleolar proteins, forming the so-called parachute bivalent (Xyp), which is assumed to allow the non-synapsed X and Y to segregate correctly at anaphase I. However, X0 males are not exceptional, and we explored the relationships between the X and nucleolar proteins in the absence of the Y chromosome in 6 species belonging to different families/subfamilies. Using C-banding and silver staining, we show that nucleolar proteins always remain in contact with the X until anaphase I. These proteins are generally more abundant than in the Xyp bivalent, may remain associated with the NOR during diakinesis, and frequently link the X to 1 or 2 autosomal bivalents, which seem to play the same role as the Y. This role may also be played by B chromosomes, which appear to be more frequent in X0 than in XY males. In conclusion, following Y chromosome loss, various strategies using nucleolar proteins have been developed to facilitate the migration of the unique X at meiotic anaphase I.

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