The effect of combination of AB-mix nutrition with liquid organic fertilizer of tofu liquid waste on hydroponical growth and production of lettage (Lactuca sativa L.)

This study aims to determine the effect of the combination of AB mix nutrients with liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) of tofu liquid waste on the growth and yield of lettuce plants and to obtain the best combination for the growth and yield of lettuce hydroponically. This study used a non-factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD), consisting of a comparison of nutritional treatments, namely: N1 = 100% AB mix + 0% LOF of liquid waste tofu, N2= 75% AB mix + 25% LOF of tofu liquid waste, N3= 50% AB mix + 50% LOF of tofu liquid waste, N4= 25% AB mix + 75 % LOF of tofu liquid waste, N5= 100% LOF of waste liquid tofu which consists of 4 replications. Parameters observed were plant height, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width, root length, fresh weight, root volume and weight fit for consumption. The results showed that the administration of 50% AB mix + 50% LOF of tofu liquid waste and 25% AB mix + 75% LOF of tofu liquid waste showed results that tended to be the same but the results of the combination of 75% AB mix + 25% LOF of tofu liquid waste were higher. On the parameters of the number of leaves is 11.12 strands, fresh weight is 66.40 g and suitable weight for consumption is 58.31 g.

Koja Banana Plantlet Acclimatization at Various Concentrations of Foliar Fertilizer and Length of Containment

Koja is a widely known variety of bananas but the availability of high-quality seeds has not been able to meet the market demand. This problem is overcome by using tissue culture, meanwhile, the success of the culture is largely determined by the acclimatization stage or adaptation of plants from heterotrophs to autotrophs. Therefore, this study aims to determine the interaction between the concentration of foliar fertilizer and the length of containment as well as the appropriate concentration for the growth of Koja banana plantlets. This is a field experiment carried out with a 2-factors split-plot design. The main plot was the foliar fertilizer concentration namely M1 = 2 ml/L; M2 = 4 ml/L; M3 = 6 ml/L, while the subplots were the length of containment namely E1 = 10 days; E2 = 20 days; E3 = 30 days. Based on the results, there was an interaction between the concentration of foliar fertilizer 4 mL/L and the length of containment of 20 days on the height, root volume, as well as fresh and plant dry weight.

Inokulasi Mikoriza pada Media Tanam Campuran Kompos Kotoran Kambing Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bibit Kakao

<p>Improvements in cocoa cultivation techniques need to be done by adding goat manure as a mixture of planting media to improve the physical properties of the soil in order to make it easier for roots to develop. This objective of this study was to determine concentration of mycorrhizae, the best growing media for cocoa seedlings, and interaction on the growth of cocoa seedlings. The method used was randomized block design with two factor. The first factor was the inoculation of mycorrhizae consisting of four levels: without inoculation of mycorrhizae 10 g/plant, 20 g/plant, and 30 g/plant. The second factor was the growing media with three levels of growing media: top soil, top soil + goat manure compost (1:1), and top soil + goat manure compost (1:2). The results showed that the growing media had a significant effect on the height and volume of plant roots. Growing media of top soil produced the best average seedling by 38.06 cm and root volume by 4.39 cm3. The interaction of giving mycorrhizae with growing media had a significant effect on root volume with the best treatment 10 g/plant mycorrhizae and top soil by 5.67 cm3. The results analysis of root infection by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi showed the highest infection in the 20 g/plant mycorrhizae and top soil by 80%. Application of mycorrhizae with growing media can increase cocoa yield and growth. Planting media mycorrhizae infected to soil can affect cocoa seedling.</p>

Interactive Impact of Biochar and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal on Root Morphology, Physiological Properties of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) and Soil Enzymatic Activities

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation and biochar amendment has been reported to improve the growth of several crop plant; however, their role in stress amelioration individually as well as in combination has not been worked out. Limited information is available about the synergistic use of biochar and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF). Here, we investigated the synergistic effect of biochar and AMF on plant development, root architecture, the physiological performance of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), and soil enzymatic activities. Biochar and AMF were shown to have a considerable effect on plant height, according to the data (53.3 and 66.6%, respectively), leaf number (22.5 and 45.1%), total root length (19.8 and 40.1%), root volume (32.1 and 71.4%), chlorophyll a content (26.0 and 17.8%), chlorophyll b content (50.0 and 28.9%), total chlorophyll content (30.0 and 18.1%), and carotenoid content (60.0 and 48.0%) over the control treatment. There was a considerable increase in plant height when biochar and AMF were combined together by 80.9%, total root length by 68.9%, projected area by 48.7%, root surface area by 34.4%, root volume by 78.5%, chlorophyll a content by 34.2%, chlorophyll b content by 68.4%, total chlorophyll content by 44.5%, and carotenoid content by 84.0% compared to the control. Our results recommend that the combination of biochar and AMF is advantageous in fenugreek growth, microbial biomass, and soil enzyme activities.

Growth and P absorption of Fibraurea tinctoria lour in peat soil with an amendment

One of the ways to maintain and increase immunity during the COVID-19 pandemic is by consuming the medicinal plant. Indonesia has many medicinal plants, one of which is ‘akar kuning’ (Fibraurea tinctoria Lour). F. tinctoria is a wild plant commonly found in Kalimantan and has not been widely cultivated. Therefore, efforts to develop need to be made, especially in peat soil. An approach to addressing the problem in peat soils is adding zeolite amendments and NPK fertilizer to increase growth. Therefore, preliminary research was conducted to determine the growth and P absorption of F tinctoria in peat soil. The study used Zeolite (0 and 2.5 g polybag−1) and NPK fertilizer with three levels (3, 6, 9 g plant−1). The combination treatments were arranged factorially on a completely randomized design. The study shows different responses to the leaf number, root volume, and root dry weight. Tendril length and P absorption increased along with the increase of Zeolite and NPK application.

Study of Coefficient of Variation, Heritability and Genetic Advance for Different Traits of Rice Genotypes Grown under Aerobic Condition

The field experiments with thirty genotypes were conducted during June to October month of kharif, 2018 and kharif, 2019, to assess extent of variability under aerobic condition. The genotypes were sown under dry direct seeded condition using randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. Each genotype was sown in single row of 5 m length with spacing of 20 cm between rows and 15 cm between plants. Data recorded for 22 characters including different morphological and quality traits from 5 randomly selected plants of each replication and mean data used for analysis. ANOVA revealed that the mean sum of squares were highly significant difference for most of the traits. The value of PCV was higher than GCV for all the twenty-two characters. However, maximum GCV and PCV were observed for root dry weight plant-1 (31.44% and 32.17%) followed grain yield plant-1 (29.97% and 31.03%), root volume (28.62% and 29.20%), root fresh weight plant-1 (28.51% and 29.08%), biological yield plant-1 (21.86% 22.50%) and number of grains panicle-1 (20.55% and 21.37%). Rest of the traits showed moderate and low GCV and PCV. High heritability and genetic advance were recorded for the traits viz., leaf length, number of tillers plant-1, number of grains panicle-1, 1000 seed weight, root length, root volume, root fresh weight plant-1, root dry weight plant-1, kernel length-breadth ratio, grain yield plant-1, biological yield plant-1 and harvest index. The information regarding different variability will provide direction to select high yielding genotypes under aerobic condition.

Elevated carbon dioxide and temperature effects on rooting behaviour of grape cuttings

An experiment was laid out to study the impact of eCO2 (550ppm), eT (+3ºC) and their interaction (eCO2+eT) on rooting behaviour of cuttings of three grape varieties- Thompson Seedless, Bangalore Blue, and Dogridge in FATE and OTC facilities. Observations were recorded at 50 and 80 days after planting (DAP) and root growth data was recorded and analysed using WinRHIZO root scanner and its software. Analysis revealed that, among the selected grape varieties, Thompson Seedless cuttings has shown highest number of roots, root volume and dry biomass under eCO2 and eCO2+ eT conditions, while total root length and root length density were highest with Bangalore Blue. Under eT condition, Bangalore Blue showed highest number of roots, total root length and root length density, while root volume and dry biomass was highest with Thompson Seedless. The per se values of root parameters under all conditions and their response to eCO2 was lowest with Dogridge. Though eT condition reduced all the root parameters, their performance improved under eCO2+ eT indicating the presence of higher concentration of CO2 reduced the ill effects of high temperature. Overall, eCO2 and eCO2+eT conditions improved root parameters of grape varieties, while eT reduced them as compared to their performance under ambient condition and varietal variation is significant.

Cultivar Differences in the Biochemical and Physiological Responses of Common Beans to Aluminum Stress

Soil conditions leading to high levels of available aluminum are detrimental to plant growth, but data are limited on genotypic differences in tolerance to aluminum stress in some crops. The aim of this study was to examine the morphological, biochemical, and physiological changes in roots and shoots of 25 common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars (Pinto market class) under aluminum (Al) treatment. Additionally, this study aimed to assess the range of responses amongst the common bean cultivars relative to their Al toxicity tolerance and sensitivity. Plants were grown hydroponically using a simplified nutrient solution with or without 20 µM AlCl3. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and guaiacol peroxidase (POD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, an indicator of lipid peroxidation, were measured to establish the effects of Al treatment on the plants. In addition, growth parameters such as shoot and root dry weight, root-to-shoot ratio, root elongation, and root volume changes were also investigated. The cultivar effect was significant for all the measured parameters, except for shoot dry weight. Inhibition of the root and shoot dry weight for selected common bean cultivars shows that the response of common bean to Al stress is genotype-specific. Additionally, Al-induced root elongation inhibition and root volume changes varied among the cultivars. Most cultivars had significantly higher SOD activity (20 of 25 cultivars) and POD activity (12 cultivars) under AlCl3 treatment compared to the controls. A positive significant correlation was observed between MDA and ROS, showing that Al stress induced the accumulation of ROS along with an increase in lipid peroxidation. According to the results of this study, Arapaho and AC Island cultivars could potentially be used in the future production of common beans under Al stress. Therefore, these two cultivars could also be included in Al tolerance breeding programs.

Root Architecture, Growth and Photon Yield of Cucumber Seedlings as Influenced by Daily Light Integral at Different Stages in the Closed Transplant Production System

Optimizing light conditions for vegetable seedling production in a closed transplant production system is critical for plant growth and seedling production. Additionally, energy use efficiency should be considered by growers when managing the light environment. In the present study, cucumber seedlings (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Tianjiao No. 5) were grown under six different daily light integrals (DLIs) at 8.64, 11.52, 14.40, 17.28, 23.04, and 28.80 mol m−2 d−1 created by two levels of photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of 200 and 400 μmol m−2 s−1 combined with photoperiod of 12, 16 and 20 h d−1 provided by white light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in a closed transplant production system for 21 days. Results indicated that quadratic functions were observed between fresh and dry weights of cucumber seedlings and DLI at 6, 11, 16, and 21 days after sowing. Generally, higher DLI resulted in longer root length, bigger root volume and root surface area accompanied with shorter plant height and hypocotyl length; however, no significant differences were observed in root length, root volume, and root surface area as DLI increased from 14.40 to 28.80 mol m−2 d−1. Photon yield based on fresh and dry weights decreased with increasing DLI. In conclusion, increased DLI resulted in compact and vigorous morphology but reduced photon yield of cucumber seedlings produced in a closed transplant production system. In terms of plant growth and energy use efficiency, DLI at 14.40–23.04 mol m−2 d−1 was suggested for cucumber seedling production in the closed production system. Additionally, different control strategies should be applied at different growth stages of cucumber seedlings.

PENGARUH KONSENTRASI EKSTRAK BAWANG MERAH DAN LAMA PERENDAMAN STEK JAMBU AIR MADU VARIETAS DELI HIJAU (Syzygium aqueum L.)

This study was conducted to determine the effects of interaction and the main response of the onion extract concentration and soaking time on cuttings guava water honey of green Deli variety (Syzygium aqueum L.). A completely randomized design (CRD) factorial was used in this study, consisting of 2 factors. The first factor was the concentration of onion extract consisting of 4 levels, i.e control, 100 g, 300 g, and 500 g of onion extract per 100 ml water. The second factor was the soaking time which consisted of 4 levels, i.e the soaking time of cuttings 3 hours, 6 hours, 9 hours, and 12 hours. The parameters observed were percentage of cuttings grown, age of germination days after planting, number of shoots, number of roots, longest root length, root volume. Observational data were analyzed statistically and continued with Tukey's HSD tests (p< 0.05). The results showed the interaction of onion extract concentration and soaking time had significant effects on the parameters for the percentage of cuttings grown, sprout age, number of shoots, number of roots, longest root length, and root volume. The best treatment was the combination of onion extract 300 g per 100 ml of water and soaking time on 9 hours.