scholarly journals Field performance of "marsh seedless" grapefruit on trifoliate orange inoculated with viroids in Brazil

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 582-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Sanches Stuchi ◽  
Simone Rodrigues da Silva ◽  
Luiz Carlos Donadio ◽  
Otávio Ricardo Sempionato ◽  
Eduardo Toller Reiff
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Citrus Paradisi ◽  
Trifoliate Orange ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Stunt Viroid ◽  
Hop Stunt Viroid

Some viroids reduce citrus tree growth and may be used for tree size control aiming the establishment of orchards with close tree spacing that may provide higher productivity than conventional ones. To study the effects of citrus viroids inoculation on vegetative growth, yield and fruit quality of 'Marsh Seedless' grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) grafted on trifoliate orange [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.], an experiment was set up in January 1991, in Bebedouro, São Paulo State, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four treatments with two plants per plot: viroid isolates Citrus Exocortis Viroid (CEVd) + Hop stunt viroid (HSVd - CVd-II, a non cachexia variant) + Citrus III viroid (CVd-III) and Hop stunt viroid (HSVd - CVd-II, a non cachexia variant) + Citrus III viroid (CVd-III) and controls: two healthy buds (control), and no grafting (absolute control). Inoculation was done in the field, six months after planting by bud grafting. Both isolates reduced tree growth (trunk diameter, plant height, canopy diameter and volume). Trees not inoculated yielded better (average of eleven harvests) than inoculated ones but the productivity was the same after 150 months. Fruit quality was affected by viroids inoculation but not in a restrictive way. The use of such severe dwarfing isolates for high density plantings of grapefruit on trifoliate orange rootstock is not recommended.

scholarly journals Performance of `Orlando' Tangelo Trees on Ten Rootstocks in Arizona

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esmaeil Fallahi ◽  
Zahra Mousavi ◽  
D. Ross Rodney
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Citrus Paradisi ◽  
Quality Factors ◽  
Carrizo Citrange ◽  
Rough Lemon ◽  
Sweet Lime ◽  
Volkamer Lemon

The influence, of 10 rootstocks on growth, yield, and fruit quality of `Orlando' tangelo (Citrus paradisi Macf. × C. reticulata Blanco) was studied for 7 years under the arid climate of southwestern Arizona. Trees on macrophylla (Alemow) (C. macrophylla Wester) were the most precocious and produced the highest yields 4 years after planting. Seven-year cumulative yields of trees on Carrizo citrange [C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.], Yuma citrange (P. trifoliata × C. sinensis), Volkamer lemon (C. limon Burm f.), rough lemon (C. jambhiri Lush), Taiwanica (C. taiwanica), and macrophylla were similar and higher than those on Savage citrange (P. trifofiata × C. sinensis), Batangas mandarin (C. reticulata Blanco), Ichang pummelo (C. ichangensis hyb.), and Palestine sweet lime (C. limettoides Tan.). Trees on Carrizo citrange had relatively large tree canopies and larger fruit, and fruit from trees on Volkamer lemon and rough lemon was lower in total soluble solids concentration (TSS) and total acids (TA) than fruit from trees on other rootstocks. Fruit from trees on Savage citrange was smallest but had the highest TSS. Considering yield, growth, and/or various quality factors, Volkamer lemon, rough lemon, Yuma citrange, and particularly Carrizo citrange, are suitable for `Orlando' tangelo in the arid regions of the southwestern United States. Trees on macrophylla, Savage citrange, and Ichang pummelo had small canopies and were least productive. `Orlando' tangelo trees on Savage citrange and Ichang pummelo rootstocks, however, might be good choices at a spacing closer than 7 × 7 m because of their high fruit TSS and fruit size, respectively. Trees on Palestine sweet lime declined and had low yields, and those on Batangas mandarin had low yields and poor fruit quality. These rootstocks are not recommended for `Orlando' tangelo under conditions similar to those of this experiment.

scholarly journals Tolerance of Citrus Rootstocks to Preemergence Herbicides

1984 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 73-77
Author(s):  
Megh Singh ◽  
Nagi R. Achhireddy
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Citrus Paradisi ◽  
Trifoliate Orange ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Carrizo Citrange ◽  
Citrus Rootstock ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Preemergence Herbicides ◽  
Swingle Citrumelo

Seven preemergence herbicides, Lasso (alachlor), Surflan (oryzalin), Devrinol (napropamide), Solicam (norflurazon), Goal (oxyfluorfen), Treflan (trifluralin), and Ronstar (oxadiazon) all at 1.1 and 2.2 kg/ha (1.0 and 2.0 lb/A) were evaluated for weed control and phytotoxicity to Carrizo citrange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.], Trifoliate orange [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] and Swingle citrumelo [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. × Citrus paradisi Macf.] citrus rootstock seedling. Goal (oxyflurofen) was most effective in controlling weeds, but was also phytotoxic to all 3 rootstocks. Surflan (oryzalin) provided satisfactory weed control (about 70%) without any phytotoxicity to citrus rootstocks but Lasso (alachlor) and Devrinol (napropamide) did not effectively control the weeds. Carrizo citrange was most susceptible to Goal (oxyfluorfen), while Swingle citrumelo was more sensitive to Treflan (trifluralin) and Ronstar (oxadiazon). Trifoliate orange was intermediate in tolerance to all herbicides. Some herbicide treatments reduced the plant height but not the trunk diameter of Carrizo citrange and Swingle citrumelo. Trunk diameter of Trifoliate orange was significantly reduced by herbicide treatments, but was unaffected in Carrizo citrange and Swingle citrumelo.

scholarly journals Interactions Between Citrus Viroids Affect Symptom Expression and Field Performance of Clementine Trees Grafted on Trifoliate Orange

2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 356-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Vernière ◽  
X. Perrier ◽  
C. Dubois ◽  
A. Dubois ◽  
L. Botella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Performance ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Symptom Expression ◽  
Trifoliate Orange ◽  
Synergistic Interactions ◽  
Expression Tree ◽  
Mean Estimation ◽  
Hop Stunt Viroid ◽  
Citrus Viroids ◽  
Synergistic Relationships

Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd), Citrus bent leaf viroid (CBLVd), a noncachexia variant of Hop stunt viroid (HSVd), Citrus viroid III (CVd-III), and Citrus viroid IV (CVd-IV) were co-inoculated as two-, three-, four-, and five-viroid mixtures to Clementine trees grafted on trifoliate orange to evaluate their effect on symptom expression, tree growth, and fruit yield. Most trees infected with CEVd-containing viroid mixtures developed exocortis scaling symptoms, as did CEVd alone, whereas most trees infected with HSVd- or CVd-IV-containing mixtures developed bark-cracking symptoms. Trees infected with mixtures containing both CEVd and CVd-IV revealed the existence of antagonism between these two viroids in terms of the expected bark-scaling and cracking symptoms. Synergistic interactions also were identified in trees infected with certain viroid combinations that, in spite of lacking CEVd, expressed exocortis-like scaling symptoms. Viroid interactions also affected the expected response of trees in terms of vegetative growth and fruit yield. Trees infected with viroid combinations containing CEVd or CVd-III were smaller and produced less fruit than trees infected with mixtures not containing these viroids. Viroid interactions on scion circumference and cumulative fruit yield, in terms of additivity of their effects, were statistically confirmed using a factorial analysis of variance model with two mean estimation approaches. In single-viroid infections, CEVd, CVd-III, and, to a lesser extent, CBLVd consistently and significantly reduced tree size and fruit yield. Conversely, HSVd and CVd-IV slightly increased fruit yield and reduced scion circumference. Rare and not consistent significant interactions were detected with the five-, four-, and three-viroid combinations. Antagonistic interactions between CEVd and CVd-III or CBLVd and CVd-III were revealed over the years with consistent significance. The antagonistic interaction between CEVd and CVd-IV was highly significant over the years when additional viroids were present; however, this antagonism appeared much later in the case of an exclusive interaction. HSVd and CVd-IV showed a consistent and significant synergistic interaction on yield only when both viroids were exclusively present. These results demonstrate antagonistic or synergistic relationships between citrus viroids depending on the viroid mixtures present in the host.

scholarly journals Performance of Minneola tangelo trees grafted over six rootstocks in Colombia Tropical Lowland (1997-2010)

2017 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-402
Author(s):  
Hans Chaparro ◽  
David Ricardo Hernández ◽  
Diana Mayerly Mateus ◽  
Javier Orlando Orduz Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Productive Efficiency ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
The Other ◽  
Citrus Paradisi ◽  
Tropical Lowland ◽  
Citrus Orchards

‘Cleopatra’ tangerine (Citrus reshni hort. ex Tanaka) is a commonly used rootstock in the piedmont of Meta department, Colombia for establishing of commercial citrus orchards. Have allowed a late production entrance rootstock and produced big plants when grafted with tangelo ‘Minneola’ (C. reticulata Blanco x C. paradise Macf), decreasing the productive efficiency in plants and hard crop practices. The evaluated performance were as follows:  tree size, productive efficiency and fruit quality of tangelo ‘Minneola’ grafted in six rootstocks. It found that the cumulated production of 11 years was better with Citrumelo ‘Swingle’ (Citrus paradisi Macf. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf) with 1388.3 kg tree-1, followed by ‘Cleopatra’ (Citrus reshni hort. ex Tanaka) with 893.2 kg.tree-1, in last place was ‘Carrizo’ (Citrus sinensis Osb. × Poncirustrifoliata (L.) Raf) with 182.9 kg tree-1. The other rootstocks, had a medium production. The greatest height and canopy value, was found with ‘Cleopatra’ without significant differences with Citrumelo ‘Swingle’. In fruit quality no significant differences occurred.

scholarly journals Detection of Multiple Infections of Citrus exocortis viroid, Citrus viroid III, and Hop stunt viroid Variants in Hunan Province, China

Plant Disease ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 91 (9) ◽  
pp. 1205-1205 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Rizza ◽  
A. Catara ◽  
X. F. Ma ◽  
Z. Deng
Keyword(s):  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Leaf Roll ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Hunan Province ◽  
Variable Degree ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Stunt Viroid ◽  
Citrus Exocortis Viroid ◽  
Hop Stunt Viroid ◽  
Citrus Viroids

Citrus cultivation in China has increased since the late 1970s, with China now having the largest area of citrus in culture in the world that is spread in 22 provinces and municipalities. Hunan Province has undergone a program to become one of the major citrus producers in China. Poncirus trifoliata is the main rootstock, so citrus viroids are a limiting factor for further citriculture development. In mainland China, only the presence of Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd) has been reported from Etrog citron indexing, sPAGE (sequential polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) analysis (2), and reverse transcription (RT)-PCR (3). Three viroid-like RNAs, a1, b1, and d, based on sPAGE patterns were detected years ago in our laboratory in budsticks received from Sichuan Province. To identify different viroids and determine their distribution, a survey has been undertaken. Field trees showing stunting, bark scaling and cracking of the rootstock, and poor yield were tested using biological indexing and PCR for the most frequent citrus viroids. Samples from six trees of a local sweet orange variety and three of a Clementine variety introduced from abroad, both grafted on P. trifoliata and showing a variable degree of bark scaling and cracking, were collected near Changsha and in the County of Xin Ning at the end of summer 2006. Small pieces of bark were inserted in stems of young E. citron budwood grafted on rough lemon and maintained in a warm greenhouse (24 to 32°C). Indexing on E. citron showed mild epinasty and leaf roll typical of citrus viroid infections. To identify specific viroids, bark was ground to a fine powder with liquid nitrogen and total RNA was extracted with TRIZOL Reagent (Invitrogen, San Diego, CA) and tested by RT-PCR to detect CEVd, Hop Stunt viroid (HSVd), and Citrus viroid III (CVd-III), as well as to identify the cachexia variants of HSVd. Four primer pairs were used to test the RNA extracts by RT-PCR (1). All samples were infected by HSVd, eight with CVd-III, and six with CEVd. The cachexia variants of HSVd were detected in four of nine samples. Mixed infections were as follows: one sample had CEVd and HSVd, eight had HSVd and CVd-III, and five were infected by the three viroids. A second sampling 3 months after inoculation gave the same amplification patterns. The results show that at least three viroids are present in citrus orchards in Hunan Province. To our knowledge, this is the first report of cachexia variants of HSVd and CVd-III in China. The common occurrence of these viroids supports the need for proper indexing of mother trees and a specific shoot tip grafting program to create healthy budwood sources to provide healthy plants. References: (1) L. Bernard and N. Duran-Vila. Mol. Cell. Probes, 20:105, 2006. (2) L. Han et al. Viroids. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, 283, 2003. (3). Q. Hu et al. Acta Bot. Sin. 39:613, 1997.

Influence of rootstocks on Navel orange yield and tree growth at Mildura, Victoria

1972 ◽  
Vol 12 (55) ◽  
pp. 203 ◽  
Author(s):  
LM Stafford
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Irrigation District ◽  
Navel Orange ◽  
Trifoliate Orange ◽  
Rough Lemon

Two experiments with Navel orange scions (CV. Washington and Leng) on a number of rootstocks were done on three sandy Mallee soils in the Mildura irrigation district. Rootstocks included sweet orange (eight cultivars), rough lemon, mandarin (two cultivars), trifoliate orange, and citrange (two cultivars). In experiment 1 (1949 to 1963) eight sweet orange rootstocks gave similar results in terms of yield and tree size. Leng produced more but smaller fruit than Washington, but total weights were similar. In experiment 2 (1959 to 1969 and continuing) Leng trees were larger, produced more fruit, and on one soil a greater weight of fruit per tree than Washington. Sweet orange rootstocks were usually superior to other rootstocks on each soil type, although rough lemon gave results that were similar and, for a few combinations, superior. Trees on mandarin rootstocks were low producers and small in the early part of the experiment, but by the end of the period were yielding as much fruit as those on sweet orange. Trifoliate rootstocks were unsatisfactory, and citrange intermediate between sweet orange and trifoliate. No fruit quality differences ascribable to rootstock were detected.

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