scholarly journals Floral biology of cacauhy (Theobroma speciosum - Malvaceae)

2010 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 861-872 ◽  
Author(s):  
Márcio Silva de Souza ◽  
Giorgini Augusto Venturieri
Keyword(s):  
Floral Biology ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Fruit Abscission

In the present work, cacauhy's (Theobroma speciosum) floral biology was studied. Flower buds split their sepals at 14h reaching its maximum at 22h, but all flowers were fully opened at 6:00 h of the following morning. Stigmatic branches showed exudates, reaching maximum between 6:00 h and 10:00 h at the same day. Ligules and petal hoods were the floral parts with highest intensity of odour. Flowers were receptive along all the morning and noon of the anthesis day. Approximately 65% of the flowers were naturally pollinated, but only 0.85% of them set a fruit. Abscission occurred on its higher frequency at 6:00 h of the second day after anthesis. Controlled pollinations showed that cacauhy was self-incompatible species.

Floral Biology and Self-Incompatibility in Some Australian Mistletoes of the Genus Amyema (Loranthaceae)

1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 437 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Bernhardt ◽  
RB Knox ◽  
DM Calder
Keyword(s):  
Floral Biology ◽  
Self Incompatibility ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
In Vitro Pollination ◽  
Mature Flower ◽  
Pollen Presentation ◽  
Self Compatibility ◽  
Safe Mechanism ◽  
Fail Safe

Facultative cleistogamy has not been found In some Austrahan Amyema spp , and the stigma does not functlon in pollen presentation at anthesis. Wlthin mature flower buds self-polllnatlon is prevented by morphological and physiological barriers, a protandrous condition largely prevents mechanical or zoophilous self-pollination In vitro pollination experiments revealed that xenogamous crosses are most successful In the production of pollen tubes in the style although geitonogamy may act as a 'fail safe mechanism' at varying levels under natural condltlons in A miquelii (Lehm, ex Miq) Van Tiegh, A. miraculosum (Miq ) Van Tiegh and A. penduium (Sieber ex Spreng ) Van Tiegh. Of the four species studied, A. quandang (Lindl ) Van Tiegh had the highest levels of self-compatibility.

scholarly journals Floral Biology Studies in Habanero pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) to Implement in a Cross-Breeding Program

Agriculture ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura P. Peña-Yam ◽  
Liliana S. Muñoz-Ramírez ◽  
Susana A. Avilés-Viñas ◽  
Adriana Canto-Flick ◽  
Adolfo Guzmán-Antonio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Floral Biology ◽  
Breeding Program ◽  
Anther Dehiscence ◽  
Capsicum Chinense ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Cross Breeding ◽  
Habanero Pepper ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Efficient Program ◽  
Number Of Seeds

Knowledge of the reproductive biology of a species is fundamental in order to develop an efficient program of genetic improvement by hybridization. The viability of the pollen, anther dehiscence, receptivity of the stigma and the anthesis of 12 improved lines of Habanero pepper were studied to develop a cross-breeding program. Among the results, the greatest number of flowers in anthesis was quantified at 8:00 a.m. for most genotypes. The dehiscence of the anther differed significantly in stages evaluated, observing in flower buds 100% of the closed anthers. The receptivity was positive in all the stages evaluated (before, during and after anthesis) and in all the genotypes, the most outstanding being the genotype AKN-08, which presented 100% of receptivity in the three stages evaluated. The viability of the pollen varied among the different conservation times evaluated (0, 24 and 48 h) while the highest percentage of viability (80%) and the largest number of seeds per fruit (56) were obtained when recently collected pollen was used (0 time). These results will have an important repercussion on the improvement of the Habanero pepper by increasing the efficiency of the programs to obtain hybrids and/or improved varieties.

scholarly journals Influence du nombre de feuilles et de la répartition des fruits sur la production et la qualité des pêches

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 517-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Génard
Keyword(s):  
Malic Acid ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Fruit Abscission ◽  
High Sugar ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
The Mean

We compared the production of flower buds, fruit abscission, fruit growth and quality according to the fruit distribution on limbs (regular or not) and to the number of leaves per fruit (0, 1 or 2 shoots per fruit). Only one limb per tree was treated from a sample of 15 trees. The yield per limb and the mean growth of fruits were lowest, and the fruit abscission was highest on limbs without leaves. On leafy limbs, the yield components and the number of flower buds were not significantly affected by changes in the number of leaves per fruit or by the fruit distribution. Fruits on limbs without leaves had a lot of purple color, a greater firmness and a low sugar content. Fruits on limbs with many leaves before harvest had high sugar and malic acid content, as well as yellow and orange color.Key words: Yield components, quality, leaf, fruit, distribution, Prunus persica L.

scholarly journals Floral Biology and Pollen Viability of Passiflora edulis Sims

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Ivan Sérgio da Silva Oliveira ◽  
Vênia Camelo de Souza ◽  
Sara Beatriz da Costa Santos ◽  
Jazielly Nascimento da Rocha Almeida ◽  
Josinaldo da Silva Henrique ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Floral Biology ◽  
Passion Fruit ◽  
Average Height ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Passiflora Edulis ◽  
Tropical Fruit ◽  
Passiflora Edulis Sims ◽  
Yellow Passion Fruit

Yellow passion fruit is a native tropical fruit tree whose cultivation has evolved very rapidly in Brazil; therefore, studies on the ecology of reproduction are needed. The study of pollen viability is an important tool to observe the male potential of the species. The objective of this study was to estimate pollen viability, pollen/ovule ratio and floral biology of Passiflora edulis Sims in organic cultivation located in Bananeiras, PB, and Brazilian. The study was developed in a completely randomized design, using ten flower buds in the pre-anthesis. The analyses performed in the biology laboratory of the Center of Human, Social and Agrarian Sciences of the Federal University of Paraiba. For the pollen viability analysis, all the anthers of the ten flower buds were used, five anthers per flower, which were crushed on a glass slide and with the aid of Alexander dye, the purple pollen grains were considered viable and the green ones unviable. To measure flower morphology and biometrics, a digital pachymeter, analytical balance and ruler were used. Five stamens form the androecium; the fillets are of short length inserted below the ovary. The flowers have three stigmas with an average height of 16.5mm, an average of 32,136 viable pollens, 58 unviable pollen grains and 140 ovules per ovary, having a pollen viability of 99.8% and a pollen/ovule ratio of approximately 95/1 pollen grains per ovule. Their structures are uniform, with no biometric variations in the amount of petals, sepals, anthers and stigma length. Alexander's reactive dye was effective in staining the pollen grains of yellow passion fruit. The pollen/ovule ratio indicates that this species performs facultative autogamy as well; however, this classification alone is not sufficient to affirm its reproductive system.

scholarly journals Fenologia da Ouratea hexasperma (A.St.-Hil.) Baill. (Ochnaceae) nos Tabuleiros Costeiros Cearenses

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 1312
Author(s):  
Marina Arruda de Castro ◽  
Lucas Farias Pinheiro ◽  
Eliseu Marlônio Pereira de Lucena
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Phenology ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Floral Biology ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Plant Ecophysiology ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Vegetation Complex ◽  
Last Stage ◽  
Days After Anthesis ◽  
The Ideal

Estudos fenológicos são importantes na estimativa de produção para melhor aproveitamento socioeconômico de uma espécie. A Ouratea hexasperma (A.St.-Hil.) Baill. é utilizada na ornamentação, na recuperação de áreas degradadas e possui grande potencial medicinal. Desse modo, o presente trabalho objetivou caracterizar a fenologia da Ouratea hexasperma (A.St.-Hil.) Baill. nos Tabuleiros Costeiros cearenses. Na área de estudo (Jardim Botânico de São Gonçalo) foram selecionadas 10 plantas de Ouratea hexasperma (A.St.-Hil.) Baill., monitoradas entre os meses de agosto/2015 a julho/2016. Na fenologia anual verificou-se que o desfolhamento ocorreu de setembro/2015 a fevereiro/2016, o enfolhamento ocorreu durante todo o ano, a floração em outubro/2015 e a frutificação de outubro/2015 a março/2016. Na fenologia da floração a frutificação verificou-se que a espécie apresentou inicialmente 1.681 botões florais, sendo necessários 14 dias após a marcação (DAM) para que 9,2% das flores entrassem em antese e 7 dias após a antese (DAA) para ocorrer a fecundação. Os estádios chumbinho (EC), 1 (E1), 2 (E2), 3 (E3), 4 (E4) e 5 (E5) do fruto ocorrem respectivamente aos 14, 28, 42, 56, 84 e 105 DAA. Apenas 43 frutos conseguiram atingir o último estádio (E5). O mericarpo do fruto apresentou medidas 3,39-10,20 x 2,24-5,11 mm. Conclui-se que o ponto de colheita ideal dos frutos da Ouratea hexasperma (A.St.-Hil.) Baill. é no estádio 4 (E4-maduro), com uma estimativa da produção de um fruto por panícula.   Phenology of Ouratea hexasperma (A.St.-Hil.) Baill. (Ochnaceae) in the Coastal Board of CearáA B S T R A C TPhenological studies are important in estimating production for better socioeconomic use of a species. The Ouratea hexasperma (A.St.-Hil.) Baill. it is used in ornamentation, in the recovery of degraded areas and has great medicinal potential. Thus, the present work aimed to characterize the phenology of Ouratea hexasperma (A.St.-Hil.) Baill. in the Coastal Board of Ceará. In the study area (Botanical Garden of São Gonçalo), 10 plants of Ouratea hexasperma (A.St.-Hil.) Baill. Were selected, monitored between August/2015 to July/2016. In annual phenology, it was found that defoliation occurred from September/2015 to February/2016, leafing occurred throughout the year, flowering in October/2015 and fruiting from October/2015 to March/2016. In the flowering phenology, fruiting showed that the species initially presented 1,681 flower buds, being necessary 14 days after marking (DAM) for 9.2% of the flowers to enter anthesis and 7 days after anthesis (DAA) to occur fertilization. The lead (SL), 1 (S1), 2 (S2), 3 (S3), 4 (S4) and 5 (S5) stages of the fruit occur at 14, 28, 42, 56, 84 and 105 DAA respectively. Only 43 fruits managed to reach the last stage (S5). The mericarp of the fruit presented measures 3.39-10.20 x 2.24-5.11 mm. It was concluded that the ideal harvest point for the fruits of Ouratea hexasperma (A.St.-Hil.) Baill. it is in stage 4 (S4-ripe), with an estimate of the production of one fruit per panicle.Keywords: Batiputá, phenophase, floral biology, plant ecophysiology, Vegetation Complex of the Coastal Zone.

scholarly journals Fenologia Vegetativa e Reprodutiva da Eugenia sellowiana DC. (Myrtaceae) ocorrente no Jardim Botânico de São Gonçalo-Ceará

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 2760
Author(s):  
Marina Arruda de Castro ◽  
Lucas Farias Pinheiro ◽  
Eliseu Marlônio Pereira de Lucena
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Ideal Point ◽  
Flowering Phenology ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Floral Biology ◽  
Ecosystem Dynamics ◽  
Reproductive Phenology ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Intensity Index ◽  
The Ideal

A fenologia permite compreender dinâmica dos ecossistemas, pois estuda as fenofases dos vegetais relacionando fatores bióticos e abióticos. No ecossistema Restinga encontramos a ubaia-de-raposa (Eugenia sellowiana DC.), com frutos de elevado potencial para a industrialização de sucos. Desse modo, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar a fenologia de Eugenia sellowiana DC. ocorrente no Jardim Botânico de São Gonçalo-Ceará, visando a definição do ponto de colheita ideal e a estimativa da produção. Foram selecionados dez indivíduos de E. sellowiana, as quais foram monitoradas entre os meses de agosto/2016 a julho/2017. Na fenologia anual verificou-se o desfolhamento teve seu maior registro do índice de intensidade (72,5%) em agosto/16 e o menor (25%) em janeiro/17. O enfolhamento ocorreu nos meses de novembro/16 a março/17. A floração iniciou em outubro/16 com a emissão de botões florais. A antese ocorreu no mês de janeiro/17, apresentando somente 7,5% de índice de intensidade. As flores fecundadas foram visualizadas somente nos meses de janeiro/17 e fevereiro/17. Para a fenologia da floração a frutificação verificou-se 218 botões florais, sendo necessários 77 dias após a marcação (DAM) para que 36,2% das flores entrassem em antese e 7 dias após a antese (DAA) para ocorrência de fecundação. Muitas flores abortaram (99,5%) desenvolver o fruto, restando apenas um fruto entre as plantas marcadas. Conclui-se que o ponto de colheita ideal do fruto da E. sellowiana é no estádio 3 (E3) de maturação, com uma estimativa da produção de um fruto por planta. Vegetative and Reproductive Phenology of Eugenia sellowiana DC. (Myrtaceae) Occurring in the Botanical Garden of São Gonçalo-Ceará A B S T R A C TPhenology allows the understanding of ecosystem dynamics, as it studies the phenophases of plants, relating biotic and abiotic factors. In the Restinga ecosystem we find the ubaia-de-raposa (Eugenia sellowiana DC.), with fruits of high potential for the industrialization of juices. Thus, this study aimed to characterize the phenology of Eugenia sellowiana DC. occurring in the Botanical Garden of São Gonçalo-Ceará, aiming at defining the ideal harvest point and estimating production. Ten individuals of E. sellowiana were selected, which were monitored between the months of August 2016 to July 2017. In annual phenology, defoliation had its highest record of the intensity index (72.5%) in August/16 and the lowest (25%) in January/17. Leafing occurred in the months of November/16 to March/17. Flowering started in October/16 with the emission of flower buds. Anthesis occurred in January/17, presenting only 7.5% of intensity index. The fertilized flowers were seen only in the months of January/17 and February/17. For flowering phenology, fruiting occurred 218 flower buds, requiring 77 days after marking (DAM) for 36.2% of the flowers to enter anthesis and 7 days after anthesis (DAA) for fertilization to occur. Many flowers miscarried (99.5%) to develop the fruit, leaving only one fruit among the marked plants. It’s concluded that the ideal point of harvest of the E. sellowiana fruit is at stage 3 (S3) of ripeness, with an estimate of the production of one fruit per plant.Keywords: Ubaia-de-raposa, floral biology, plant ecophysiology, fruit coastal, Restinga.

scholarly journals Pollen viability and floral biology of Mandacaru (Cereus jamacaru (DC) (Cactaceae))

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. e997986671
Author(s):  
Paulo Marks de Araújo Costa ◽  
Vênia Camelo de Souza ◽  
Ivan Sérgio da Silva Oliveira ◽  
Vagner Sousa da Costa ◽  
Emerson Serafim Barros
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Floral Biology ◽  
Glass Slide ◽  
Morphological Identification ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Natural Distribution ◽  
Hermaphrodite Flower ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Native Tree Species

Pollen fertility is indicated by viability, which influences the reproductive success of plants. Mandacaru is a native tree species with natural distribution in the Caatinga. The objective was to verify the pollen viability, pollen per ovule ratio and the morphological identification of the mandacaru flower (Cereus jamacaru). Ten flower buds were used and one hundred anthers of these buds, which and stained with Alexander dye on checkered glass slide and viable and non-viable pollens were accounted amount of ovule per flower bud was counted the pollen/ovule ratio. Mandacaru presented viability of 99.41% the pollen, with an average of 314,686 pollens on each flower. There were 356 pollens for each ovule, this indicates the species reproductive system for facultative autogamous and facultative xenogamics. The flower is hermaphrodite, with gynoecium measuring an average of 160.9 mm, an average of 883 ovules per flower, the androecium averaging 577 anthers per flower, 545 pollen per anther. Mandacaru has high pollen viability, with large size hermaphrodite flower, with high number of anthers and pollen contained in these anthers.

Purification of an antifungal PR-5 protein from flower buds of Brassica campestris and cloning of its gene

1997 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 583-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Na Eun Cheong ◽  
Yeon Ok Choi ◽  
Woe Yeon Kim ◽  
Sun Chang Kim ◽  
Moo Je Cho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Campestris ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Its Gene

A New Species of Eugenia subg. Pseudeugenia (Myrtaceae, Myrteae) from Brazilian Atlantic Forest

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 537-543
Author(s):  
Karinne Sampaio Valdemarin ◽  
Jair Eustáquio Quintino Faria ◽  
Fiorella Fernanda Mazine ◽  
Vinicius Castro Souza
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Forest Vegetation ◽  
Vegetation Types ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Lowland Forests ◽  
A New Species

Abstract—A new species of Eugenia from the Atlantic forest of Brazil is described and illustrated. Eugenia flavicarpa is restricted to the Floresta de Tabuleiro (lowland forests) of Espírito Santo state and is nested in Eugenia subg. Pseudeugenia. Considering all other species of the subgenus that occur in forest vegetation types of the Atlantic forest phytogeographic domain, Eugenia flavicarpa can be distinguished mainly by the combination of smooth leaves with indumentum on both surfaces, with two marginal veins, usually ramiflorous inflorescences, pedicels 4.5‐9.7 mm long, flower buds 3.5‐4 mm in diameter, and by the calyx lobes that are 2‐3 mm long with rounded to obtuse apices. Morphological analyses were performed to explore the significance of quantitative diagnostic features between the new species and the closely related species, Eugenia farneyi. Notes on the habitat, distribution, phenology, and conservation status of Eugenia flavicarpa are provided, as well as a key for all species of Eugenia subg. Pseudeugenia from forest vegetation of the Atlantic forest phytogeographic domain.

Orchestrated Flowering and Interspecific Facilitation: Key Factors in the Maintenance of the Main Pollinator of Coexisting Threatened Species of Andean Wax Palms (Ceroxylon spp.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 105 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-299
Author(s):  
Javier Carreño-Barrera ◽  
Luis Alberto Núñez-Avellaneda ◽  
Maria José Sanín ◽  
Artur Campos D. Maia
Keyword(s):  
Conservation Status ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Floral Biology ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Biological Data ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Insect Species ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Pollination Services ◽  
Flower Visiting

Solitary, dioecious, and mostly endemic to Andean cloud forests, wax palms (Ceroxylon Bonpl. ex DC. spp.) are currently under worrisome conservation status. The establishment of management plans for their dwindling populations rely on detailed biological data, including their reproductive ecology. As in the case of numerous other Neotropical palm taxa, small beetles are assumed to be selective pollinators of wax palms, but their identity and relevance in successful fruit yield were unknown. During three consecutive reproductive seasons we collected data on population phenology and reproductive and floral biology of three syntopic species of wax palms native to the Colombian Andes. We also determined the composition of the associated flower-visiting entomofauna, quantifying the extent of the role of individual species as effective pollinators through standardized value indexes that take into consideration abundance, constancy, and pollen transport efficiency. The studied populations of C. parvifrons (Engel) H. Wendl., C. ventricosum Burret, and C. vogelianum (Engel) H. Wendl. exhibit seasonal reproductive cycles with marked temporal patterns of flower and fruit production. The composition of the associated flower-visiting entomofauna, comprised by ca. 50 morphotypes, was constant across flowering seasons and differed only marginally among species. Nonetheless, a fraction of the insect species associated with pistillate inflorescences actually carried pollen, and calculated pollinator importance indexes demonstrated that one insect species alone, Mystrops rotundula Sharp, accounted for 94%–99% of the effective pollination services for all three species of wax palms. The sequential asynchronous flowering of C. parvifrons, C. ventricosum, and C. vogelianum provides an abundant and constant supply of pollen, pivotal for the maintenance of large populations of their shared pollinators, a cooperative strategy proven effective by high fruit yield rates (up to 79%). Reproductive success might be compromised for all species by the population decline of one of them, as it would tamper with the temporal orchestration of pollen offer.

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