scholarly journals Shoot-foliage relationships in deciduous, semideciduous, and evergreen cerrado tree species

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Paulo Souza ◽  
Carlos Henrique B. A. Prado ◽  
Ana Lúcia S. Albino ◽  
Maria A. Damascos
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Biomass Allocation ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
Structural Differentiation ◽  
Evergreen Species ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Long Shoots

The morphology and the biomass allocation in shoots and leaves were investigated in 15 cerrado tree species with distinct leaf phenology growing under natural conditions. Higher values of leaf/shoot ratio on mass base, individual leaf area, leaf area per shoot, leaf display index, and leaf number per shoot length were found in deciduous than in evergreen species. The differences about shoot-foliage relationship across leaf phenological groups could be explained by plagiotropic shoots on deciduous and by erect shoots in semideciduous and evergreen species. Plagiotropic shoots allow similar irradiance along shoots and high biomass allocation in favor of leaves without foliage self-shading in deciduous tree species. The structural differentiation between short and long shoots was indicated by an exponential relationship between leaf display index and shoot length in all deciduous, in three semideciduous, and in two evergreen species. Therefore, especially in deciduous, the short shoots had higher leaf area per unit of length than the long shoots. The differentiation between short and long shoots depends on the shoot length in deciduous because of the leaf number on shoot is predetermined in buds. Contrastingly, the leaf neo-formation in semideciduous and in evergreen tree species keeps the shoot-leaf relationship per shoot length more constant, because of the foliage being produced according to the shoot growth during the year. In conclusion, the foliage persistence, the shoot inclination, the type of leaf production and the resources allocation between autotrophic and heterotrophic vegetative canopy parts are interdependent in cerrado tree species across different leaf phenological groups.

Differential determinants of growth rates in subtropical evergreen and deciduous juvenile trees: Carbon gain, hydraulics and nutrient use efficiencies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin-Hua Qi ◽  
Ze-Xin Fan ◽  
Pei-Li Fu ◽  
Yong-Jiang Zhang ◽  
Frank Sterck
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Nutrient Use Efficiency ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
Carbon Gain ◽  
Evergreen Species ◽  
Nutrient Use ◽  
Use Efficiency

Abstract Growth rate varies across plant species and represents an important ecological strategy for competition, resource use and fitness. However, empirical studies often show a low predictability of functional traits to tree growth. We measured stem diameter and height growth rates of 96 juvenile trees (2 to 5 m tall) of eight evergreen and eight deciduous broadleaf tree species over three consecutive years in a subtropical forest in southwestern China. We examined the relationships between tree growth rates and 20 leaf/stem traits that associated with carbon gain, stem hydraulics and nutrient use efficiency, as well as the difference between evergreen and deciduous trees. We found that cross-species variations of stem diameter/height growth rate can be predicted by leaf photosynthetic capacity, leaf mass per area, xylem theoretical specific hydraulic conductivity, wood density and photosynthetic nutrient use efficiencies. Higher leaf carbon assimilation and lower leaf/stem constructing costs facilitate deciduous species to be more resource acquisitive and consequently faster growth within a relatively shorter growing season, whereas evergreen species exhibit a more conservative strategies and thus slower growth. Further, stem growth rates of evergreen species showed were more dependence on leaf carbon gains, whereas stem hydraulic efficiency were more important for deciduous tree growth. Our results suggest that physiological traits (photosynthesis, hydraulics, nutrient use efficiency) can predict tree diameter and height growth of subtropical tree species. The differential resource acquisition and use strategies and their associations with tree growth between evergreen and deciduous trees provide insights in explaining the co-existence of evergreen and deciduous tree species in subtropical forests.

Traits associated with nutrient impoverishment and shade-tolerance in tree juveniles of three Bornean rain forests with contrasting nutrient availability

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryota Aoyagi ◽  
Kanehiro Kitayama
Keyword(s):  
Functional Traits ◽  
Biomass Allocation ◽  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Shade Tolerance ◽  
Rain Forests ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Site Factor ◽  
Dipterocarp Forests ◽  
Nutrient Impoverishment

Abstract:In this study, we tested the hypothesis that functional traits associated with nutrient impoverishment contribute to enhancing shade-tolerance (survival at low light) for the juveniles of canopy tree species in Bornean rain forests. To test the hypothesis, survival and functional traits (biomass allocation, leaf dynamics and foliar nutrient concentration) were investigated as a function of light conditions for saplings of 13 species in three forests with different levels of nutrient availability. As predicted by the hypothesis, the species in the severely nutrient-poor site (a tropical heath forest on nutrient-poor soils) showed greater shade-tolerance (>91% survival for 8 mo at 5% global site factor) than in the other two sites (mixed dipterocarp forests) (54–87% survival). Across the species, greater shade-tolerance was associated with a higher biomass allocation to roots, a slower leaf production and a higher foliar C concentration, which are considered as C-conservation traits under nutrient impoverishment. These results suggest that the juveniles of the canopy species occurring on nutrient-poor soils can enhance shade-tolerance by the same mechanisms as the adaptation to nutrient impoverishments. Tree species in nutrient-poor environments may be selected for surviving also in shaded conditions.

scholarly journals Subtropical–Tropical Urban Tree Water Relations and Drought Stress Response Strategies

2013 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Kjelgren ◽  
Daryl Joyce ◽  
David Doley
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Dry Forest ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
Tropical Species ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
Deciduous Species ◽  
Evergreen Species ◽  
Urban Tree ◽  
Tropical Cities

Understanding native habitats of species successful as subtropical and tropical urban trees yield insights into how to minimize urban tree water deficit stress experienced during monsoonal dry periods. Equatorial and montane wet forest species rarely subject to drought are generally absent in subtropical and tropical cities with pronounced monsoonal dry seasons. Species native to monsoonal dry forests appear to have wide environmental tolerances, and are successful as urban trees in many tropical cities. Monsoonal dry forest species have a tendency to be deep rooted to avoid drought, with leaf habits falling along an avoidance to tolerance spectrum. Dry deciduous species, typically found on more fertile soils, maximize growth during the monsoonal wet season with high photosynthesis and transpiration rates, then defoliate to avoid stress during the dry season. Evergreen tree species, typically found on less fertile soils, have a higher carbon investment in leaves that photosynthesize and transpire less year-round than do dry deciduous species. Dry deciduous tree species are more common urban trees than dry evergreen species explicitly due to more ornamental floral displays, but also implicitly due to their ability to adjust timing and duration of defoliation in response to drought. An empirical study of three tropical species exhibiting a range of leaf habits showed isohydric behavior that moderates transpiration and conserves soil water during drying. However, dry evergreen species may be less adaptable to tropical urban conditions of pronounced drought, intense heat, and limited rooting volumes than dry deciduous species with malleable leaf habit.

Diversity of leaf phenology in a tropical deciduous forest in India

2005 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. P. Kushwaha ◽  
K. P. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Plant Functional Types ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
Tropical Deciduous Forest ◽  
Leaf Fall ◽  
Evergreen Species ◽  
Functional Types ◽  
Leaf Flush ◽  
Strategy Index

Patterns of leaf phenological diversity were documented in nine key tree species of a tropical deciduous forest in the Vindhyan region of India. Monthly leaf counts on 160 tagged twigs on ten individuals of each species were made through two annual cycles. Tree species exhibited a gradient of deciduousness (∼leafless duration), ranging from semi-evergreen species (entire population never becoming leafless) to 7-mo-deciduous species. The semi-evergreen species initiated leaf flush (bud break of vegetative bud) earlier around the spring equinox. In all deciduous tree species synchronous leaf-flush initiation, with low inter-annual variability, occurred during the hot dry summer (May–June, day temperature >40 °C), prior to the onset of the rainy season. Based on the quantification of leafless period, leaf-flush duration, and leaf strategy index (leaf-flush rate/leaf-fall rate, proposed in this study) in different species, four plant functional types were recognized: (a) semi-evergreen, spring flushing, showing leaf exchange, with mean leafless period 8 d, leaf-flush duration 6–7 mo and leaf strategy index <0.5 (Shorea robusta); (b) <2-mo-deciduous, summer flushing, leafless period 3–8 wk, leaf-flush duration 5–6 mo, and leaf strategy index >0.5−<0.7 (Anogeissus latifolia, Diospyros melanoxylon and Hardwickia binata); (c) 2–4-mo-deciduous, summer flushing, leafless period 2–3 mo, leaf-flush duration 4–5 mo, and leaf strategy index >0.8−<1.0 (Acacia catechu, Lagerstroemia parviflora and Terminalia tomentosa); and (d) >4-mo-deciduous, summer flushing, leafless period >4–7 mo, leaf-flush duration 3–4 mo, and leaf strategy index 1.0 (Boswellia serrata and Lannea coromandelica). Conspecific trees showed asynchrony with respect to leaf-flush completion, initiation and completion of leaf-fall, and extent of leafless period. Leaf strategy index (indicating rate of resource use and conservation) was strongly related with the leafless period in different species (r=0.82) and can serve as a useful index in leaf phenological studies and classification of plant functional types.

Shoot growth from the bud bank in black oak

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brayton F. Wilson ◽  
Matthew J. Kelty
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Bud Bank ◽  
Shoot Production ◽  
Shoot Number ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Black Oak ◽  
Stem Segments

The bud bank in black oak (Quercusvelutina Lam.) trees is composed of four bud types, with the first three occurring on current shoots: (i) large buds in terminal clusters; (ii) large intercluster buds; (iii) small leafless buds; and (iv) preventitious buds on older shoots. Leafless buds may grow and preventitious buds may form epicormic shoots after injuries to large buds. We applied clipping treatments to small trees growing in either shade or light to test for crown recovery of leaf number, leaf area, leaf weight, shoot number, and total shoot length. Removing the terminal bud cluster almost doubled the proportion of intercluster buds that produced shoots and did not affect crown parameters, compared with control trees. Removing all large buds increased epicormic shoot production, but did not affect crown parameters. Removing current shoots reduced only leaf area and leaf number in the shade. The more extreme clipping treatments released primarily 2-year-old preventitious buds, but only a few older buds. Buds of all ages could be forced on isolated stem segments. Mortality of buds from the 1st to 2nd year was more than 90% for buds with leaves and about 50% for leafless buds.

scholarly journals Diversity of phenological patterns of Handroanthus ochraceus (Bignoniaceae) in Costa Rica

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (2SUPL) ◽  
pp. S149-S158
Author(s):  
Jorge-Arturo Lobo-Segura
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Plant Communities ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Costa Rican ◽  
Dry Forest ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
Leaf Fall ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Water Courses ◽  
Neotropical Dry Forests

The study of phenological patterns in plant communities is of vital importance for understanding the temporal cycles of ecosystems, but there is little information on the diversity of phenological patterns that can occur at the intraspecific level, as well as the genetic or environmental factors causing this variation. In Handroanthus ochraceus, a deciduous tree species of neotropical dry forests, ecophysiological studies have proposed the release of water stress as the mechanism that triggers flowering and the sprouting of new leaves. During four years, I observed the cycles of leaf fall, flowering, fruiting, and new leaf production in seven Costa Rican sites that differed in their proximity to water courses and in soil moisture. Six were located in dry forest areas, and one in premontane forest. There were two general phenological patterns: the explosive, where trees depend on the first rains for floral anthesis and the expansion of leaf meristems, and the staggered pattern, with unsynchronized flowering at the beginning and middle of the dry season, independently of rainfall. Although this phenological variation has been previously recognized, the occurrence of these two patterns is not determined by the proximity of water courses, contradicting phenological models proposed for this tree species.

Comparative analysis of 1st-year growth in six deciduous tree species

1980 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Farmer Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Relative Growth Rate ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Net Assimilation Rate ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
Assimilation Rate ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Quercus Species ◽  
Net Assimilation

Classical growth analysis was used to examine the basis of major variation in seedling growth characteristics among and within six deciduous tree species in nursery beds. A combination of high investment in leaf area and substantial net assimilation rate accounted for the high relative growth rate of Liriodendrontulipifera L. and Prunusserotina Ehrh.; these species also produced the largest seedlings in the test. Final weight of four Quercus species was closely associated with initial leaf area established at germination; Q. rubra L. and Q. prinus L. had the largest seedlings despite having net assimilation rates lower than Q. alba L. and Q. ilicifolia Wangenh., the smallest seedlings in the test. Within species, relative growth rate was significantly correlated with both net assimilation rate and relative growth rate of leaf area. Leaf area partition coefficient was positively correlated with relative growth rate in L. tulipifera, P. serotina, and Q. rubra but not in Q. alba, Q. prinus, and Q. ilicifolia.

LARGE ONTOGENETIC DECLINES IN INTRA-CROWN LEAF AREA INDEX IN TWO TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS TREE SPECIES

Ecology ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 744-753 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Nock ◽  
J. P. Caspersen ◽  
S. C. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Temperate Deciduous
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