Soft-Palate Myogenesis: A Developmental Field Paradigm

Surgical correction of clefts of the soft palate leads to varying degrees of normal function although the repair itself is successful. Explanations for this Include structural abnormalities of the muscles. Previous studies have focused primarily on gross anatomical features of late fetal and postnatal cleft palate musculature; however, infrequent reference has been made to early prenatal morphologic patterns of soft-palate development, beginning with the embryo. Thus we evaluated the chronology of prenatal myogenesis of the soft palate from its early mesenchymal phase through the appearance of definitive palatal muscles and associated structures in a sample of 22 human fetuses that represented postfertilization weeks 6.5 to 20.5 (18- to 192-mm crown-rump length). Specimens were histologically prepared for descriptive and morphometric light microscopy. Data were collected on the earliest appearance times of identifiable soft palate and associated structures within the mesenchymal field and on their individual stages of myogenesis (e.g., for muscles, from mesenchyme to myoblasts to fascicles). Analyses showed that (1) palatal muscles and related bony structures emerge sequentially as densely staining mesenchymal subfields within the larger mesenchymal soft-palate field during the 6- to 9-week period, with the tensor veli palatini muscle appearing earliest, and the musculus uvulae latest; (2) further morphogenesis of the soft palate and associated structures follows a definite timeline; and (3) by 16 to 17 weeks the postnatal palatal morphology is in place.

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Patterns of Abnormal Myogenesis in Human Cleft Palates

The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal ◽

10.1597/1545-1569_1994_031_0345_poamih_2.3.co_2 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 31 (5) ◽

pp. 345-350 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Steven R. Cohen ◽

Lynn L. Chen ◽

Alphonse R. Burdi ◽

Carroll-Ann Trotman

Keyword(s):

Light Microscopy ◽

Cleft Palate ◽

Muscle Fiber ◽

Soft Palate ◽

Crown Rump Length ◽

Levator Veli Palatini ◽

Myotube Formation ◽

Preliminary Study ◽

Mesenchymal Condensation ◽

First Time

To test the hypothesis that soft palate muscles are abnormal in cleft palate, we compared soft palate morphogenesis in fetuses with cleft palate (n=4) to age-matched (n=3) and nonmatched (n=1) control specimens. The morphologic status of all soft palate and masticatory structures were classified into one of six stages based on the level of histogenesis. At 54 mm crown-rump length (CRL), the levator veli palatini (L), palatopharyngeus (PP), and palatoglossus (PG) in cleft subjects demonstrated mesenchymal condensation into myoblastic fields, lagging behind the control specimens (97 mm CRL), which displayed definitive fields of myoblasts and myotube formation. In the 175 mm and 225 mm cleft and the 170 mm and 192 mm control specimens, muscular morphology was similar and had reached its postnatal appearance for the tensor veli palatini (175 m only) and L, PP, PG (225 mm only). Muscle fiber directions were, however, disoriented and disorganized, especially close to the medial epithelial edge of the cleft. The levator veli palatini, could not be distinguished as a discrete muscle in the cleft specimens, and what we believed to be the PP and PG seemed “normal” at the level of light microscopy, but malpositioned in a superior direction. This preliminary study demonstrates for the first time that early myogenesis in cleft palates differs from normal.

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Patterns of Abnormal Myogenesis in Human Cleft Palates

The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal ◽

10.1597/1545-1569_1992_029_0044_poamih_2.3.co_2 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 345-350

Author(s):

Steven R. Cohen ◽

Lynn L. Chen ◽

Alphonse R. Burdi ◽

Carroll-Ann Trotman

Keyword(s):

Light Microscopy ◽

Cleft Palate ◽

Muscle Fiber ◽

Soft Palate ◽

Crown Rump Length ◽

Levator Veli Palatini ◽

Myotube Formation ◽

Preliminary Study ◽

Mesenchymal Condensation ◽

First Time

To test the hypothesis that soft palate muscles are abnormal in cleft palate, we compared soft palate morphogenesis in fetuses with cleft palate (n=4) to age-matched (n=3) and nonmatched (n=1) control specimens. The morphologic status of all soft palate and masticatory structures were classified into one of six stages based on the level of histogenesis. At 54 mm crown-rump length (CRL), the levator vell palatini (L), palatopharyngeus (PP), and palatoglossus (PG) in cleft subjects demonstrated mesenchymal condensation into myoblastic fields, lagging behind the control specimens (97 mm CRL), which displayed definitive fields of myoblasts and myotube formation. In the 175 mm and 225 mm cleft and the 170 mm and 192 mm control specimens, muscular morphology was similar and had reached its postnatal appearance for the tensor veli palatini (175 m only) and L, PP, PG (225 mm only). Muscle fiber directions were, however, disoriented and disorganized, especially close to the medial epithelial edge of the cleft. The levator veli palatini, could not be distinguished as a discrete muscle in the cleft specimens, and what we believed to be the PP and PG seemed “normal” at the level of light microscopy, but malpositioned in a superior direction. This preliminary study demonstrates for the first time that early myogenesis in cleft palates differs from normal.

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FETAL ANATOMY OF PARATHYROID GLANDS

Wiadomości Lekarskie ◽

10.36740/wlek202001109 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 73 (1) ◽

pp. 52-57 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Lesia Ya. Lopushniak ◽

Тatiana V. Khmara ◽

Оleh М. Boichuk ◽

Mariana A. Ryznychuk ◽

Leonid V. Shvyhar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Jugular Vein ◽

Age Groups ◽

Parathyroid Glands ◽

Brachiocephalic Vein ◽

Human Fetuses ◽

Crown Rump Length ◽

Fetal Period ◽

External Structure ◽

Human Ontogenesis ◽

The Right

The aim: To study the forms of anatomical variability of the external structure of the upper and lower parathyroid glands in the fetal period of human ontogenesis. Materials and methods: The study involved 48 specimens of human fetuses with 81,0-375,0 mm of crown-rump length (CRL). The study was conducted by means of macromicroscopic preparation, morphometry and variation statistics method. Results: The age and individual anatomical variability, complex way of development and formation of synotopic embryotropographic correlations of the upper and lower parathyroid glands in the prenatal period of human ontogenesis create numerous prerequisites for the emergence of variants of their external structure and topography in the fetuses of both different and the same age groups. Conclusions: There is a significant anatomical variability of the upper and lower parathyroid glands in 4-10-month-old fetuses, which is manifested by varieties of their shape and topical location. Aplasia of the upper parathyroid glands, which was found in two human fetuses aged 7 months, was due to the fetures of their organogenesis and the formation of syntopy in the embryonic and prefetal periods of their development. Parathyroid glands are mainly supplied with blood by the branches of the inferior thyroid artery. The branches of the upper thyroid artery and the arteries of adjacent organs: larynx, trachea and esophagus are involved in the blood supply. The right and left inferior thyroid veins are tributaries of the corresponding brachiocephalic vein, paired (right and left) superior and middle thyroid veins are those for the internal jugular vein.

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Morphological study of cleft palate development in 5-fluorouracil-treated hamster fetuses

Development ◽

10.1242/dev.57.1.119 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 57 (1) ◽

pp. 119-128

Author(s):

Ravindra M. Shah ◽

David T. W. Wong

Keyword(s):

Cleft Palate ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Horizontal Plane ◽

Morphological Study ◽

Fetal Weight ◽

Rating System ◽

Crown Rump Length ◽

Palate Development ◽

Palatal Development

Morphogenesis of palate was studied in normal and 5-fluorouracil-treated hamster fetuses. The results showed that normal palatal development was completed between days 12 and 13 of gestation. In 5-fluorouracil-assaulted palate the reorientation of shelves from a vertical to horizontal plane was delayed. Crown-rump length, gestational age and fetal weight were reliable predictors of the stages of normal palatal development, whereas the morphological rating system was not. Following 5-fiuorouracil treatment, however, crown-rump length, weight and morphological rating were poor indicators of the stage of palatal development.

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The anatomical features of denticulate ligament in human fetuses

Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy ◽

10.1007/s00276-020-02456-0 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 42 (8) ◽

pp. 969-973

Author(s):

Özlem Elvan ◽

Gülden Kayan ◽

Mustafa Aktekin

Keyword(s):

Human Fetuses ◽

Anatomical Features

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Histomorphologic Analysis of the Soft Palate Musculature in Prenatal Cleft and Noncleft A/Jax Mice

The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal ◽

10.1597/1545-1569_1995_032_0455_haotsp_2.3.co_2 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 32 (6) ◽

pp. 455-462 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Carroll-Ann Trotman ◽

David Hou ◽

Alphonse R. Burdi ◽

Steven R. Cohen ◽

David S. Carlson

Keyword(s):

Animal Model ◽

Light Microscopy ◽

Soft Palate ◽

Frontal Plane ◽

Mouse Embryos ◽

Control Groups ◽

Structural Differences ◽

Suitable Animal Model ◽

And Control ◽

Hematoxylin Eosin

The two specific aims of this study were as follows: to evaluate the appropriateness of the A/Jax mouse model in the investigation of the key cellular stages in prenatal soft palate morphogenesis and myogenesis; and to describe structural differences in the histomorphology of the soft palate anatomy from cleft and noncleft mice prior to, during, and after palatogenesis. Cleft-induced and control groups of A/Jax mouse embryos from timed pregnancies were harvested sequentially on gestational days 15 to 19. Embryos were weighed and staged for external body morphology. The heads were removed and fixed for light microscopy, sectioned serially in the frontal plane at 10 μm and stained with hematoxylin-eosin to characterize and compare the soft palate musculature. All observations were made at the head depth of the trigeminal ganglion in both age- and stage-matched embryos. The following findings were made: (1) the A/Jax mouse is a suitable animal model for the study of soft palate myogenesis; (2) there were no discernible morphologic differences between the soft palate muscles in cleft and noncleft A/Jax mice when viewed under light microscopy; (3) the soft palate and related muscles were identifiable as muscle fields, in both the cleft and noncleft fetuses, as early as gestational day 15 and as specific muscles at gestational day 18; (4) in both the cleft and noncleft A/Jax fetuses, the soft palate muscles appeared in a sequential anatomic fashion (the palatine aponeurosis appeared first, next the tensor palatini, and then the levator palatini muscles); and (5) in the cleft palate fetuses, both pterygoid plates were angulated and displaced laterally.

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Fruit development in eucalypts (Myrtaceae: Eucalypteae)

Australian Systematic Botany ◽

10.1071/sb10021 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 24 (6) ◽

pp. 421 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ann Bohte ◽

Andrew N. Drinnan

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Light Microscopy ◽

Fruit Development ◽

Vascular Bundles ◽

Flower Buds ◽

Oil Glands ◽

Developmental Anatomy ◽

Anatomical Features ◽

Additional Cell ◽

Fruit Stage

Developmental anatomy of eucalypt flower buds from flower to mature fruits was investigated using light microscopy. Several important features contribute to the maturity of flower and fruit. The epidermis of the flower in many species is replaced by periderm in the fruit. Brachysclereid idioblasts develop in the parenchymatous zone beneath the epidermis; fibres develop from cambium-like activity in the vascular bundles located in the mid-region of the ovary wall; and cells adjacent to the locule lining mature as transversely oriented filiform sclereids. The initiation of these features in relation to anthesis varies among taxa, and this influences flower and fruit anatomy and morphology. In taxa where sclereids and fibres are initiated following anthesis, there is substantial post-anthesis growth and fruits are larger than flowers. When these features are developed before anthesis, the flowers are essentially pre-fruits that exhibit little or no further growth in the fruit stage apart from additional cell-wall lignification. Several other anatomical features, such as oil ducts and the distribution of oil glands and crystal layers, are not developmentally variable, but are phylogenetically informative within the eucalypt group.

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Intertwin estimated fetal weight or crown rump length discordance and adverse perinatal outcome

Journal of Perinatal Medicine ◽

10.1515/jpm-2015-0242 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 44 (8) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Apostolos Kaponis ◽

Nikolaos Thanatsis ◽

Vassilis Papadopoulos ◽

George Decavalas

Keyword(s):

Perinatal Outcome ◽

Adverse Outcomes ◽

Fetal Weight ◽

Crown Rump Length ◽

Adverse Perinatal Outcome ◽

Structural Abnormalities ◽

Gestational Age At Delivery ◽

Review Study ◽

Estimated Fetal Weight ◽

Threshold Range

AbstractAim:In the current review study, we present recent data regarding the importance of intertwin estimated fetal weight (EFW) and crown rump length (CRL) discordance for the prediction of adverse perinatal outcome both in monochorionic and in dichorionic diamniotic gestations.Results:Twins with significant weight disparity are associated with higher rates of perinatal morbidity and mortality, regardless of gestational age at delivery. However, there is no agreement regarding as to the cut off value above which the perinatal outcome is unfavorably affected and the threshold range from 10 to 30%. On the other hand, CRL discrepancy has proved to be a weak predictor of adverse outcomes, such as fetal or neonatal death in fetuses without chromosomal and structural abnormalities. In clinical practice, decisions about obstetric surveillance of discordant twin gestations, frequency of fetal sonographic monitoring and time of delivery are usually based on amniotic fluid volume and Doppler assessments on a weekly basis.Conclusion:Significant EFW discordance leads to adverse perinatal outcome, although the cut-off value has not yet been estimated. CRL discrepancy is not correlated well with adverse perinatal outcome. However, increased monitoring of women with EFW and CRL discrepancy is suggested.

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