Fruit development in eucalypts (Myrtaceae: Eucalypteae)

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Bohte ◽  
Andrew N. Drinnan
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Oil Glands ◽  
Developmental Anatomy ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Additional Cell ◽  
Fruit Stage

Developmental anatomy of eucalypt flower buds from flower to mature fruits was investigated using light microscopy. Several important features contribute to the maturity of flower and fruit. The epidermis of the flower in many species is replaced by periderm in the fruit. Brachysclereid idioblasts develop in the parenchymatous zone beneath the epidermis; fibres develop from cambium-like activity in the vascular bundles located in the mid-region of the ovary wall; and cells adjacent to the locule lining mature as transversely oriented filiform sclereids. The initiation of these features in relation to anthesis varies among taxa, and this influences flower and fruit anatomy and morphology. In taxa where sclereids and fibres are initiated following anthesis, there is substantial post-anthesis growth and fruits are larger than flowers. When these features are developed before anthesis, the flowers are essentially pre-fruits that exhibit little or no further growth in the fruit stage apart from additional cell-wall lignification. Several other anatomical features, such as oil ducts and the distribution of oil glands and crystal layers, are not developmentally variable, but are phylogenetically informative within the eucalypt group.

A Comparative Study of Trichomes in Angophora Cav. And Eucalyptus L'hérit. - A Question of Homology

1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 561 ◽  
Author(s):  
PY Ladiges
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Evolutionary Trends ◽  
Oil Glands ◽  
Ancestral Condition ◽  
Scanning Electron

The trichomes of Angophora and Eucalyptus are illustrated from scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy, and evolutionary trends are discussed. Bristle glands of Angophora and Eucalyptus subgen. Blakella and Corymbia are emergent oil glands of varying lengths. Emergent oil glands occur in all other Eucalyptus subgenera but they are most conspicuous in Blakella, Corymbia and Angophora, in which they are characterized by four cap cells each ornamented with micropapillae. Hairs in Angophora are unique, being multicellular; they are also uniseriate and scattered on the epidermis. In contrast, hairs in Eucalyptus are simple extensions, short or long, of the cells on the sides of or the cap cells of the emergent oil glands, and they are not homologous with those of Angophora. Eucalyptus setosa (subgen. Blakella) and E. brockwayi (subgen. Symphyomyrtus) are two exceptions, having unicellular hairs on the epidermis, not associated with oil glands. It is suggested that this is an ancestral condition (or secondary reversal to it).

scholarly journals Effects of the pollution by petroleum on the tracheids along the stem of Podocarpus lambertii Klotzsch ex Endl., Podocarpaceae

2009 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
LT. Maranho ◽  
M. Dziedzic ◽  
GIB. Muñiz ◽  
YS. Kuniyoshi ◽  
F. Galvão
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Plant Anatomy ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Growth Layer ◽  
Wall Width ◽  
Control Set ◽  
Student’S T ◽  
Student’S T Test

Podocarpus lambertii Klotzsch ex Endl. (Podocarpaceae) is native and a member of the Pinophyta (Gymnosperm) of southern Brazil, locally known as "pinheiro-bravo". The present work aims to investigate the effects of petroleum on the tracheids dimensions. Wood samples from twenty individuals were studied along the stem, ten being exposed to pollution and ten used as a control set. The wood samples were collected from incisions at three levels: at the ground level, and one and two metres above the ground level. From these samples, sub-samples were selected at the border of the growth layers in the vascular cambium-medulla direction. The methodology followed that traditionally recommended for plant anatomy studies, with analyses done by light microscopy (OLYMPUS - BX41) assisted by the software Image Pro-plus for measurements. Comparison of the individuals exposed to petroleum with the control set, showed that the length, diameter and cell wall width of the tracheids of the former were smaller, a trend which was statistically significant according to the Student's t-test. These traits were observed mainly on the tracheids of the last growth layer, corresponding to the year in which the individuals were exposed to petroleum.

scholarly journals Leaf morphoanatomy of an endemic massaranduba from Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Monick Lima Carvalho ◽  
Cláudia Elena Carneiro
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Vegetative State ◽  
Anatomical Study ◽  
Iucn Red List ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Leaf Architecture ◽  
Chapada Diamantina ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
The Family ◽  
Microscopy Techniques

Abstract: The Sapotaceae family is recognized for its economic importance, presenting food, medicinal and timber potential. Pouteria andarahiensis T.D.Penn., popularly known as "massaranduba", is endemic to Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil, and is currently classified on the IUCN red list as "endangered". Pouteria andarahiensis is little studied, highlighting this work as the first anatomical study for the species. Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy techniques were used to perform anatomical studies. The species showed characters shared with the family (laticifers and malpiguiaceous trichomes), as well as diagnostic characters and associated with xeromorphy. The data obtained from the leaf architecture can assist in the identification of the species in a vegetative state, while the leaf surface provided unpublished data to the species, indicating the presence of a cuticle with complex ornamentation. Stand out as xeromorphic anatomical features, high stomatal density, high number of trichomes per area, sclerenchymatic columns in the mesophyll and a subepidermal sclerenchyma layer connecting the vascular bundles in the mesophyll.

scholarly journals Use of morphological and anatomical characters to delimit varieties of Paliurus spina-christi Mill. (Rhamnaceae)

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Saleem E. Shahbaz ◽  
Nazar M. Shareef
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Epidermal Layer ◽  
Adaxial Side ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Northern Iraq ◽  
Anatomical Characters ◽  
Palisade Cells ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Fruit Diameter

Introduction: Paliurus spina-christi Mill is a species with two varieties namely Paliurus spina-christi L. var. spina-christi and Paliurus spina-christivar. macrocarpa Beck native to mountains of Kurdistan, rarely growing in the upper plains of northern Iraq. Materials and Methods: A total of 15 plants from different parts of Kurdistan region were sampled. 30measurements for each characters of Leaf, Inflorescence, Flowers, Fruit, seeds, and leaf anatomical characters were measured for comparison between the two varieties. Results and Discussion: Fruit diameter of var. macrocarpa is significantly larger than fruit diameter of var. spina-christi. Most mean flower parts especially the ovary, in addition to seed size is larger in var. macrocarpa. Upper epidermal layer is always thicker than the lower epidermal layer for the same blade. The isobilateral mesophyll includes 2 layers of long palisade cells adaxially and 2-3 layers of short cells abaxially. Many vascular bundles are seen equally spaced in the mesophyll tissue.With the exception of the presence of simple hairs on the petiole adaxial side of the var. spina-cristi and the absence of these hairs from the same site of var. macrocarpa, all other anatomical features are considered to be of no taxonomic application. Stomatal density of the adaxial leaf side is up to 19 stomata per mm² in var. spina-christi while it is up to 38 stomata per mm² in var. macrocarpa. Conclusions: Both fruit diameter and the stomatal density of the adaxial leaf side constitute diagnostic characters for separating between the two varieties of Paliurus spina-christi Mill

scholarly journals Changes in structure of red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seedlings shoots under aluminum stress conditions

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agata Konarska
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
Red Pepper ◽  
Outer Cell ◽  
Aluminum Stress ◽  
Water Culture ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Al Treatment ◽  
Outer Cell Wall

The seedlings of the red pepper (<i>Capsicum annuum</i> L.) cv. Trapez grown in water culture for a period of 14 days with Al (0, 10, 20 and 40 mg·dm<sup>-3</sup> AlCl<sub>3</sub>·6 H<sub>2</sub>O). Some morphological and anatomical features of red pepper shoots were analyzed. Reduction in height and diameter of stems as well as decrease in fresh mass of shoots were observed after Al-treatment. In the hypocotyl the thickness of cortex parenchyma layer and the size of their cells were reduced. The aluminum treatment resulted in the increased in thickness of the epidermis outer cell wall. Under Al stress in the cotrex and the central cylinder parenchyma cells were present numerous enlarge plastids which contained large grains of starch and dark little bodies which were possible aluminum deposits. They weren`t observed in control seedlings.

scholarly journals Pericarp development in fruit of epiphytic cacti: implications for fruit classification and macro-morphology in the Cactaceae

Botany ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 96 (9) ◽  
pp. 621-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Odair José Garcia de Almeida ◽  
Luiz Antonio de Souza ◽  
Adelita Aparecida Sartori Paoli ◽  
Arthur R. Davis ◽  
J. Hugo Cota-Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Cell Expansion ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Fruit Maturation ◽  
Reproductive Structures ◽  
The Family ◽  
Dry Fruit

The family Cactaceae exhibits an assortment of fleshy and dry fruit types with various shapes dictated by the gynoecium outline and surrounding pericarpel. Consequently, conflicting terminology exists regarding cactus fruit classification because the fruit is a complex structure in which various floral parts participate in development. We examined fruit morphogenesis in four epiphytic cacti and provided a description of developmental events from post-anthesis to fruit maturation, which unveiled new structures valuable in fruit characterisation and taxonomy of the Hylocereeae and Rhipsalideae. Succinctly, the cactus fruit is a carpellar ovary embedded in a long-shoot (pericarpel). The pericarp originates from five components: internal ovarian epidermis that delimits the fruit locule, ovary (proper), collateral vascular bundles, pericarpel (receptacular origin), and external pericarpel epidermis. In addition, cell expansion and stored mucilage, a sticky substance involved in seed dispersal, occurs during fruit development. We propose the term cactidium, a complex fruit with accessory structures of pericarpellar origin surrounding the gynoecial boundary, to describe the cactus fruit. This term is appropriate because members of the Cactaceae bear unique traits, such as areoles in the reproductive structures (pericarpel), which may produce scale-leaves, bristles, and spines.

Anatomy of two species of Plumbago : a traditional medicinal plant and its relevance for taxonomy

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Smita Chaudhari
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Anatomical Study ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Taxonomic Significance ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Leaf Petiole ◽  
Abundance And Distribution ◽  
Shape And Size

Plumbago is a traditional medicinal plant in Ayurveda. The paper presents anatomical study of leaf, petiole, stem and root of two species of Plumbago namely P. zeylanica, P. auriculata and, its relevance in discrimination of these two species. Anatomical features of leaf which are of diagnostic value in delimitation of both taxa are outline of T. S.,shape and size of epidermal cells, presence of sclerenchyma surrounding the vascular bundles, number of tannins cells. Characters of taxonomic significance in petiole anatomy are outline of T. S, presence of trichomes, shape and size of epidermal cells, abundance of collenchyma, arrangement and number of vascular bundles, presence of sclerenchyma surrounding vascular bundles, number of tannin cells. The diagnostically useful anatomical features of stem to discriminate both taxa of Plumbago are degree of elevation of stem ridges, occurrence of double layered epidermis, size of epidermal cells, distinctness of endodermis, abundance and distribution of pericyclicsclerenchyama, number of vascular bundles. Anatomical features of taxonomic significance in root are width of cortex and abundance of starch grains in cortex cells, abundance and distribution of pericyclics clerenchyama, amount of vascularization, distribution, diameter and density of vessels, width of medullary ray.

scholarly journals Anatomical and genetic bases underlying convergent evolution of fleshy and dry dehiscent fruits in Cestrum and Brugmansia (Solanaceae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalí Hernández-Ciro ◽  
Natalia Pabón-Mora
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Development ◽  
Convergent Evolution ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Fleshy Fruits ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Brugmansia Suaveolens ◽  
Gene Expression Analyses ◽  
Perform Gene Expression ◽  
Genetic Bases

Background. The mechanisms controlling evolutionary shifts between dry and fleshy fruits in angiosperms are poorly understood. In Solanaceae, Cestrum and Brugmansia represent cases of convergent evolution of fleshy and dry fruits, respectively. Here we study the anatomical and genetic bases of the independent origin of fleshy fruits in Cestrum and the reversion to dry dehiscent fruits in Brugmansia. We also characterize the expression of candidate fruit development genes, including ALCATRAZ/SPATULA, FRUITFULL, HECATE1/2/3, REPLUMLESS and SHATTERPROOF.Methods. We identify anatomical changes to establish developmental stages in the ovary-to-fruit transition in Cestrum nocturnum and Brugmansia suaveolens. We generate reference transcriptomes for both species, isolate homologs for all genes in the fruit genetic regulatory network (GRN) and perform gene expression analyses for ALC/SPT, FUL, HEC1/2/3, RPL and SHP throughout fruit development. Finally, we compare our results to expression patterns found in typical capsules of Nicotiana tabacum and berries of Solanum lycopersicum available in public repositories.Results. We have identified homologous, homoplasious and unique anatomical features in C.nocturnum and B. suaveolens fruits, resulting in their final appearance. Expression patterns suggest that FUL, SHP and SPT might control homologous characteristics, while ALC and RPL likely contribute to homoplasious anatomical features.Conclusions. The convergent anatomical features in Cestrum and Brugmansia fruits are likely the result of changes in ALC and RPL expression patterns. The fruit GRN changes considerably in these genera when compared to typical capsules and berries of Solanaceae, particularly in B. suaveolens, where expression of FUL2 and RPL1 is lacking.

In vitro digestibility, breakdown when eaten and physical structure of stovers and straws compared with lucerne hay and sweet potato haulm

1999 ◽  
Vol 132 (4) ◽  
pp. 491-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. WILMAN ◽  
YILUN JI ◽  
E. J. MTENGETI ◽  
NAZIR AHMAD
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Physical Structure ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Milled Material ◽  
Maize Leaves ◽  
Stem Internode ◽  
The Mean

In order to learn more about the digestibility, breakdown when eaten and physical structure of stovers and straws, seven diets were compared in one experiment and eight in another. The diets in the first experiment were: the upper and lower parts of lucerne (Medicago sativa) hay, the leaves, upper stem and lower stem of maize (Zea mays) stover and the leaves and stem of sorghum (Sorghum vulgare) stover. The diets in the second experiment were: the upper and lower parts of lucerne hay, the leaves, stems and whole stover of millet (Setaria italica), wheat (Triticum aestivum) straw, rice (Oryza sativa) straw and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) haulm. The diets were examined for in vitro digestibility in three forms: milled, chopped (1 cm lengths) and chewed (by cattle). The lengths and widths of the chewed particles were recorded in both experiments. Aspects of the morphology and vascular structure of plant parts of the diets and of chewed particles were recorded in the second experiment.The in vitro digestibility of chopped or chewed plant material was lower (by 11 and 12 percentage units, respectively, on average) than that of milled material. The difference between chewed and milled material in in vitro digestibility was smaller with leaves (5 percentage units, on average) than with stems (18 percentage units, on average) in maize, sorghum and millet. Digestibility of chewed material was similar to or lower than that of chopped material, except with the leaves of maize, sorghum and millet. Millet stover had higher in vitro digestibility than wheat straw or rice straw, whether the diet was milled, chopped or chewed.The thinnest stem internode vascular bundles recorded (0·14 mm) were in wheat. The percentage of stem internode cross-sectional area occupied by vascular bundles was in the range 6–8 for lucerne, millet, wheat and rice. The mean numbers of veins or vascular bundles per chewed particle were in the range 6–23. The mean length of the chewed particles varied from 10 mm with the upper stem of maize to 18 mm with sorghum stem and maize leaves. The mean width of the chewed particles varied from 1·8 mm with rice straw to 5·4 mm with maize leaves.It is suggested that the low digestibility of mature plant tissue such as stovers and straws is not particularly due to thick vascular strands or to a high proportion of vascular tissue, but rather to a high proportion of cell wall and incomplete and delayed access by rumen microorganisms to much of the cell wall.

The anatomy of the barks of Leptospermoideae

1962 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
RK Bamber
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Sieve Tube ◽  
Oil Glands ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
The Family ◽  
Tube Type ◽  
Bark Anatomy ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Type Fibre

The anatomy of the barks of 61 species of the tribe Leptospermoideae of the family Myrtaceae, principally from Australia, has been studied. The following anatomical features in particular have been described: type and arrangement of sclerenchyma, type and distribution of crystals, silica, oil glands, sieve tube type, fibre dimensions, periderm, and rhytidome. A key for the identification of the species and/or groups of species described has been derived from the bark anatomy. The bark anatomy would appear to be superior to the wood anatomy for the separation of the species of the tribe. The relationship between the bark anatomy and the taxonomy of the tribe is discussed. Support for the separation of Choricarpia subargentea and C. leptopetala from both Syncarpia and Tristania is given. Tristania neriifolia appears to be distinctly different from other Tristania spp. and re-examination of the species is suggested. Samples of Metrosideros sp. from Indonesia have been found to have the characteristics of Xanthostemon and re-examination of the genus of this species is also suggested. Oil glands have been found to be restricted to the genera Eucalyptus, Syncarpia, and Xanthostemon. Resorption of crystals has been found in the outer phloem of a number of species. Casparian thickening of the cell walls of the suberized phellem in Callistemon and Melaleuca has been confirmed.

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