Do You See Space? How to Recover the Visible and Tangible Reality of Space (Without Space)

In the search for a theory of quantum gravity, there are strong theoretical pressures that have pushed in the direction of theories in which space (or spacetime) is not present at the fundamental level. The task of recovering the appearances is especially pressing in such theories. This chapter looks at the cognitive processes that produce spatial experience to better understand the empirical constraints on such theories. There is no question that we have immediate awareness of the visible and tangible reality of space, but what that awareness amounts to, and whether it supports the requirement that space has to be recovered as concrete external structure, is not something that has received enough attention. This chapter fills that gap.

Independent adoptions of a set of proteins found in the matrix of the mineralized shell-like eggcase of Argonaut octopuses

The Argonaut octopus, commonly called the paper nautilus, has a spiral-coiled shell-like eggcase. As the main characteristics, the eggcase has no internal septum, is composed entirely of calcite with chitosan being the main polycarbonate and is reportedly formed by organic materials secreted from the membranes of the arms. Meanwhile, the biomineralized external "true" shells of the Mollusks, which includes the Cephalopods, are secreted from the mantle tissue. Therefore, the histological origin of the two shells is completely different. The question of how the Argonauts, which phylogenetically diverged from the completely shell-less octopuses, could form a converging shell-like external structure has thus intrigued biologists for a long time. To answer this question, we performed a multi-omics analysis of the transcriptome and proteome of the two congeneric Argonaut species, Argonauta argo and A. hians. Our result indicates that the shell-like eggcase is not a homolog of the shell, even at the protein level, because the Argonauts apparently recruited a different set of protein repertoires to as eggcase matrix proteins (EcMPs). However, we also found the homologs of three shell matrix proteins (SMPs) of the Conchiferan Mollusks, Pif-like, SOD, and TRX, in the eggcase matrix. The proteins were also found in the only surviving shelled Cephalopods, the nautiloid Nautilus pompilius. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that homologous genes of the Conchiferan SMPs and EcMPs were found in the draft genome of shell-less octopuses. Our result reported here thus suggests that the SMP-coding genes are conserved in both shelled and shell-less Cephalopods. Meanwhile, the Argonauts adopted some of the SMP-coding genes and other non-SMP-coding genes, to form a convergent, non-homologous biomineralized external structure, the eggcase, which is autapomorphic to the group.

The comparative morphometric analysis of seeds representatives of the genus Paeonia L. (Paeoniaceae Rudolphi) of the Kazakh Altai’s flora, introduced in the Altai Botanical Garden

The article provides data on the study of the external structure, morphometric and weight parameters of seeds of the complex of Paeonia anomala L., P. hybridа Pall., P. intermedia C.A. Mey., grown in the conditions of the mountain-taiga zone of the Kazakhstan Altai, and clarification of the possibility of using these characters to distinguish between species. The primary analysis of the seed material revealed differences in the length, width and thickness of the seed in the cultivated samples from different ecological and geographical conditions of the habitats. A comparative study of such morphometric and weight parameters as the external structure, length, width, and thickness of seeds of the samples of Paeonia anomala, P. hybrida, P. intermedia, introduced from different ecological and geographical habitats of Kazakhstan Altai, revealed a certain variation in the selected parameters in the species. When comparing the external morphological structure of P. intermedia and P. anomala, the differences were practically not established, due to the close relationship of the species. When comparing the average metric and weight parameters of seeds in the Paeonia anomala specimens taken from ridge Ivanovsky, did not reveal significant differences. This happened despite the interpopulation difference in quality of the planting material with respect to ecology and location above sea level. This indicates the evenness of the length, width, and thickness of the seed material of the cultivated Paeonia anomala specimens. In cultivate specimens of P. hybrida from Narym ridge and Azutau in the ratio of the length, width and thickness of the seed, as well as the weight of 1000 pieces, seed differences were observed. Despite the low level of variability of morphological parameters of seeds, it is premature to recommend them for differentiation of species due to the short duration of the study period.

DEVELOPMENT OF VIRTUAL LABORATORIES ON THE TOPIC "STUDY OF THE STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF SPONGES ON THE EXAMPLE OF FRESHWATER BADYAGA". TYPE SPONGIA, CLASS DEMOSPONGIA, ORDER SPONGILLIDAE, SUPERVISOR SPONGILLA

This article examines the development of computer simulation models for laboratory work on the subject "Invertebrate Zoology". In particular, simulation models are shown for the following laboratory work: the external structure of the sponge, the accumulation of amoebocytes, the internal and external structure of the sponge, stinging cells, water circulation, the movement of the freshwater and longitudinal section of the hydra, the general view of the colony, the colony of the hydroid polyp in close-up, budding of jellyfish in blastostyle, parenchymula, planula, formed by a new colony.

Archaeological Excavations at the Ertosh-Dolana Cemetery in the Ahangaron District of Tashkent Region

Due to the lack of archeological excavations in the Upper Ahangaran Basin,the author conducts archeological excavations in these areas and conducts archeological excavations in the Ertosh-Dolana Cemetery, which belongs to the Qovunchi culture, reflecting the settlement processes of ancient cattle-breeding tribes. The article examines the internal and external structure of burial mounds observed during excavations, burial ceremonies and religious beliefs, as well as the tomb material evidence and tries to determine their social status in the community, occupation, and ethnic groups during their lifetime.

Phenotype and genotypes Malay traditional house in West Kalimantan

At the beginning of the 20th century, the terms genotype and phenotype in biology were adopted into architecture. In the science of architecture genotype was an abstract relational model that governs the arrangement of space, and the principle of organizing space while phenotype was a physical form of architecture. Genotype passed from generation to generation thus informing an identity in the community. The development of globalization and the environment can influence the identity of architectural diversity in each region. Vulnerability in the transformation of architectural forms can have an impact on identities that can survive or disappear. Malay traditional houses in West Kalimantan are on stilts and are located on the riverside. the sample used is a traditional Malay house around the palace in West Kalimantan with a sample of 8 cities and uses 69 sample houses. The method in this study uses the Levi Strauss structuralism and configuration space. External structure analysis has an informed of variation phenotype. through configuration space to finding archetypes. Then, continue to inner structure analysis to finding genotype from that archetype. The result from this study found the value and meanings of principle and arrangement space in traditional Malay house in West Kalimantan in the form of zoning of men and women as well as clean and dirty zones which have always been passed down from generation to generation.

The morphology of plants

In plant morphology, which is the external structure of plants, it is important in biology to study the external structure of plants, and on the basis of the study of the external structure of plants, we can distinguish them from one another. Plants are also colorful, and they are used for a variety of aesthetic purposes. In this article we will talk about the external structure of plants

Non-Racialism: The New Form of Racial Inequality in a Neo-Apartheid South Africa

Non-racialism is a deep-rooted ideal in the history of resistance in South Africa. It is not only the basis of the post-apartheid legal order, but also crucial to the form of capitalism. This paper reinterprets non-racialism and inequality in post-1994 South Africa by revisiting conventional understandings of the nature of the state and the rule of law. It shows that racial inequality is inscribed in the non-racial form of the state. The non-racial democratic shell correlates with the commodity form. Scholars have neglected the shift in the form of the state after 1994, partly because they focus on policy and see the state as an external structure in a racial society.

The visuality of metaphors

This paper proposes to define metaphor as a visual-material structure, the sphere of which is ontological rather than cognitive or conceptual. It argues that the essence of metaphor, as either an aesthetic or a communicative unit or both, resides in the qualitative dimension and appearance, or even materiality, of the metaphorical medium and its form. The paper thus offers a new theory of metaphor, focusing on the medium of metaphor, which composes and transfigures or reconstructs its target anew: a composition that is prior to understanding or conceptualizing the target. In doing so, the paper presents a formalist ontology of metaphors, established via an externalist account of metaphors, as opposed to the prevailing cognitivist-conceptualist account which I characterize as internalist. The various kinds of metaphor – linguistic, poetic, visual or material – are based on their external structure, rather than an internal-conceptual mechanism of understanding, as assumed by a significant segment of the literature. Visual metaphor, therefore, is the paradigmatic kind of metaphor, the analysis of which can be generalized to other kinds of metaphor. Furthermore, the paper tries to overcome the current discrepancy between the formalist character of the metaphorical medium and the dominance of cognitivist and conceptualist theories of metaphor. Challenging these, I claim that if the identity of metaphor is indeed based on its composition, then it is actually based on its aesthetic qualities. That is to say, not only are there autonomous visual or material metaphors, that are not based on linguistic or conceptual ones, but linguistic and conceptual metaphors are based on visuality: they are enabled by the structural possibilities offered by visual media.

The Structural Compression of Kāvyprakāsa and Taṇṭiyalaṅkāra

Tolkāppiyam, the first extant work of Tamil grammar covers the descriptions on the ‘Rhetoric Grammar’ (aṇiyilakkaṇam; figures of language) under the chapter simile. Later on, In ‘Vīracōḻiyam’ which is one of the five grammatical thoughts of Tamil, (Eḻuttu, Col, Poruḷ, Yāppu, Aṇi) the rhetoric aspects of the language was described as following Sanskrit work ‘kāviyātarca’. Subsequently, more works such as Taṇṭiyalaṅkāra, Māṟāṉalaṅkāram, Toṉṉūl Viḷakkam, Muttuvīriyam were written based on the Sanskrit rhetorical conventions. Though the rhetoric works in Tamil were written on the basis of Sanskrit rhetoric aspects, it would have been authored in the Tamil context. Considering the requirement of a comparative research to understand this, the present study proposes to analyses the Sanskrit work ‘Kāvyprakāsa’ written in 11thAD and Tamil work ‘Taṇṭiyalaṅkāra’ written in 12thAD. Noteworthy, both the books were authored in the same time period. This work is comparing the structure of the rhetoric grammatical work of kāvyaprakāsa in Sanskrit and Taṇṭiyalaṅkāra in Tamil. Kāvyaprakāsa divided into ten chapter (ullāsa) and comprises three parts, the kārikās (the stanzas), the vrutti (the explanatory prose gloss), and the examples. This book has 143 rules for poetics. Taṇṭiyalaṅkāram is the earliest complete rhetoric grammar of Tamil written by Dandi. He explains ‘Taṇṭiyalaṅkāram’ under ‘Potuvaṇiyiyal’ (common rhetoric), ‘Poruḷaṇiyiyal’ (rhetoric meaning) and ‘Collaṇiyiyal’ (rhetoric terms). I would like to look at the internal structure and external structure of both texts. Internal structure will deals with auspicious verse, purpose of poetry, divisions of poetry, poetry defects, poetry gunās and rhetoric terms. The chapter divisions will be considering as external structures.